????? ????

??????? ?????
???????	63,831 ??? 107,341 ????
	??????? 60,000 - 100,000 ???? ; ?????? 15,000 - 25,000 ???? ?????? 120,00 ???? ????? 2000 ????
	??????? 60,000 - 100,000 ???? ; ?????? 15,000 - 25,000 ???? ?????? 120,00 ???? ????? 2000 ????
	; ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ; ?????? ????? (??????)? ?????? ???? (??????) ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ; ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? .
????? ?????????	???? ??????
	??????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????? ????).
??? ??	???? ??????? ??????
??????	??????? ... Southern Sami people (en) ; Lule Sami people (en) ; Northern Sami people (en) ; Inari Sami people (en) ; Skolts (en) ; Kildin Saami (en) ; pueblo sami de Akkala (es) ; Ume Saami (en) ; Ter Sami people (en) ; Kemi Sami (en)
??????? ??? ?????	???????? ? ????????

????? ???? (????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????) ( Sami ?? Saami ? ?? ?????????? Lapps ?? Laplanders ) ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? (Sapmi)? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? . ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? (????????) ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? . ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( Finnic languages ).

??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? (??????) ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 85,000 ?135,000 ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?≪?????≫. ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ^[4]

???? ????? ???? (????????) ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? (?????? ??????) ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? 2800 ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ^[5]^[6] ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????

???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? 1600 ??? 1500 ??? ??? ???????. ^[7] ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[8] ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ^[9] ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????. ^[9]^[10]

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 10,000 ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ^[11] ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????.

??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? 3500 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????-???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[12] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ≪???????≫ ?≪???????≫ ????? ??? ≪??????≫. ^[13]^[14]

?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1889 ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1500? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[15] ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ^[16] ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????. ^[17] ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[18]

???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????

?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? (??? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????)? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? -??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????- ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 10% ?? ????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? 1500? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ^[19] ??? ???? 1635-1659? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ^[19]

?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? . ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? . ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1889. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ^{[
????? ?????
]} ??? ??? 1934? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.

???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1913 ??? ??? 1920? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ^[20]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???????????

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? 2 ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-09-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ^? ^? The World Factbook ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? Norway in the United Kingdom ???? ?????? 24 ???? 2006 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ The Sami of Northern Europe ? one people, four countries ???? ?????? 05 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Pheenix::Sell ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ FindArticles.com | CBSi ???? ?????? 02 ?????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Lang? Valter (2020). Homo Fennicus ? Itamerensuomalaisten etnohistoria . Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. ?. 104. ISBN : 978-951-858-130-0 .
^ Kalmistopiiri, Tekija (6 Feb 2020). "Saamen kielten leviaminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan" . KALMISTOPIIRI (??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-31 . Retrieved 2020-10-22 .
^ ^? ^? Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang; Onkamo, Paivi; Paabo, Svante; Kelso, Janet; Sajantila, Antti; Weihmann, Antje; Ongyerth, Matthias (27 Nov 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe" . Nature Communications (???????????). 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode : 2018NatCo...9.5018L . DOI : 10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 . ISSN : 2041-1723 . PMC : 6258758 . PMID : 30479341 .
^ Tambets, Kristiina; Metspalu, Mait; Lang, Valter; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Kriiska, Aivar; Thomas, Mark G.; Diez-del-Molino, David; Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke (20 May 2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East" . Current Biology (???????????). 29 (10): 1701?1711.e16. DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026 . ISSN : 0960-9822 . PMC : 6544527 . PMID : 31080083 . Archived from the original on 2020-04-11.
^ "The ski-going people ? Early history" . Galdu:Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-11-22.
^ Price? Theron Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780190231972 .
^ Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sami Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevanen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.
^ Birgitta Jahreskog, The Sami national minority in Sweden , Rattsfonden, 2009, ( ???? 9780391026872 )
^ Yngvar Nielsen (1891). "Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt" [The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken]. Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs arbog (??????????). 1 (1889?1890): 18?52.
^ Broadbent? Noel (16 ???? 2010). Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience . Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ?. 304 . ISBN : 978-0-9788460-6-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.
^ Hege Skalleberg Gjerde (2009). "Samiske tufter i Hallingdal?" [Sami foundations in Hallingdal?]. Viking (??????????). 72 (2009): 197?210.
^ ^:208
^ ^? ^? Kuiper? Andrea (Elle). "Christianity and the Emerging Nation States" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-15 .
^ Woodard? Kare (Kimmi). "The Sami vs. Outsiders" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-15 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ????

[users.tkk.fi-1] ? ^? 2 ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-09-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-10-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[cia.gov-2] ? ^? The World Factbook ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[norway.org.uk-3] ? ^? Norway in the United Kingdom ???? ?????? 24 ???? 2006 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] The Sami of Northern Europe ? one people, four countries ???? ?????? 05 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] Pheenix::Sell ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[6] FindArticles.com | CBSi ???? ?????? 02 ?????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[:3-7] Lang? Valter (2020). Homo Fennicus ? Itamerensuomalaisten etnohistoria . Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. ?. 104. ISBN : 978-951-858-130-0 .

[8] Kalmistopiiri, Tekija (6 Feb 2020). "Saamen kielten leviaminen Suomeen ja Skandinaviaan" . KALMISTOPIIRI (??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-31 . Retrieved 2020-10-22 .

[:0-9] ? ^? Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Haak, Wolfgang; Onkamo, Paivi; Paabo, Svante; Kelso, Janet; Sajantila, Antti; Weihmann, Antje; Ongyerth, Matthias (27 Nov 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe" . Nature Communications (???????????). 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode : 2018NatCo...9.5018L . DOI : 10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 . ISSN : 2041-1723 . PMC : 6258758 . PMID : 30479341 .

[:1-10] Tambets, Kristiina; Metspalu, Mait; Lang, Valter; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Kriiska, Aivar; Thomas, Mark G.; Diez-del-Molino, David; Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke (20 May 2019). "The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East" . Current Biology (???????????). 29 (10): 1701?1711.e16. DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026 . ISSN : 0960-9822 . PMC : 6544527 . PMID : 31080083 . Archived from the original on 2020-04-11.

[http-11] "The ski-going people ? Early history" . Galdu:Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-11-22.

[12] Price? Theron Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia: An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780190231972 .

[13] Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. "Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sami Ethnic Heritage". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevanen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic.

[14] Birgitta Jahreskog, The Sami national minority in Sweden , Rattsfonden, 2009, ( ???? 9780391026872 )

[15] Yngvar Nielsen (1891). "Lappernes fremrykning mot syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt" [The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken]. Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs arbog (??????????). 1 (1889?1890): 18?52.

[Broadbent-16] Broadbent? Noel (16 ???? 2010). Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization, and Cultural Resilience . Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ?. 304 . ISBN : 978-0-9788460-6-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.

[Gjerde-17] Hege Skalleberg Gjerde (2009). "Samiske tufter i Hallingdal?" [Sami foundations in Hallingdal?]. Viking (??????????). 72 (2009): 197?210.

[autogenerated2-18] :208

[Kuiper_1990s-19] ? ^? Kuiper? Andrea (Elle). "Christianity and the Emerging Nation States" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-15 .

[20] Woodard? Kare (Kimmi). "The Sami vs. Outsiders" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-15 .

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