???

??????? ????
?????? ???????	, F , F
??????? ???????	;
???? ??????? ??????	N
????? ????	???? , pound-force, ??????? ? kip , kilopond
???????? ?? ; ????? ????	F = m a
??????? ??????

???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? (????? ????? ??????? ??????? ) ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? .

????? ?? ???? ????? (??? ????? ??????)? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? F .

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???: ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????.

???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? .

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. ^[2] ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????. ^[3] ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? .

??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? . ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? -?????? ??????-: ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ^[4]^[5] ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? . ^[2]

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? -????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????- ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ???? ??????? ???????)? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ^[6]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ^[7]

???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????. ^[8]

??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? "force" (??????????: vis ) ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? vis viva ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? vis motrix . ^[9]

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? . ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? .

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ^[10]? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪?????? ????????≫ ????? ?? ≪???? ?????? ????????≫ ???? ????? ????? . ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? m ??? ????? ??? F ????? ????? a ???? ??????? ??????:

{\vec {F}}=m{\vec {a}}

???: F = ?????? m = ??????? a = ???????.

?????

{\vec {F}}

????????:

{\vec {a}}

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????.??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? (???????) ?? ???? ??????? ????? .

??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????:

????? = ?????? × ???????

??? ???? ????? ???? (???????????) ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? (9.8 ???/????? ²)? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????:

??? ??????? = ??? ????? = 9.8 × ??????: ????? ????? ???????? . ??? /????? ² ?? (?????)

??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? .

?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? [????????.??? /????? ²]. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? [????????] ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.???/????? ²? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????.

?????: ??? ?? ?????? ?????? 6 ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? 6 ????????.

???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1/6 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1/6 ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????: ??? ? ??? ? ???? . ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ?? ??????? = 1 ????????.??? /????? ²

(2) ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? (???? ??????) ??????? ?????:

{\vec {F}}={\mathrm {d} {\vec {p}} \over \mathrm {d} t}=m{\vec {a}}

???: F = ?????? p = ????? (???? ??????)? t = ?????? m = ??????? a = ???????.

???? ???? ??? (???? ?????) = ???? ????? x ?????

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????.

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ${\vec {G}}$ ??? ??????? ${\vec {F_{1}}}$ ?????? ${\vec {F_{2}}}$ ?????????.

??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??: ??? ???? ??? ??? ${\vec {F_{1}}},{\vec {F_{2}}},\ldots ,{\vec {F_{n}}}$ ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? (???????) ????? ????? ?????:

{\vec {F_{result}}}={\vec {F_{1}}}+{\vec {F_{2}}}+\ldots +{\vec {F_{n}}}

.

?? ???? ????? ????? ${\vec {F_{res}}}$ ?????? ?????? ????? ${\vec {F_{1}}},{\vec {F_{2}}},\ldots ,{\vec {F_{n}}}$ .

???? ???? ????? ????????? ( ${\vec {F_{1}}}$ ? ${\vec {F_{2}}}$ )

????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. F_2</math>.

???? ???? ????? ???????? $F_{1}$ ? $F_{2}$ ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? $F$ ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????:

F=|F_{1}-F_{2}|

???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ${\vec {F_{1}}}$ ?????? ${\vec {F_{2}}}$ ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ${\vec {F_{2}}}$ ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? . ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (???? ????? ?????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????: ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???.

????? ?????:

????? ???? ??? ???????? ${\vec {G}}$ ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? (???? ?????). ??? ???????? ?????? ${\vec {G}}$ ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????: ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? F2? ?????? F1 ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? F1 ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????: ${\vec {G}}$ :

{\vec {F_{1}}}+{\vec {F_{2}}}={\vec {G}}

??????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????: ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? (???? ?????? ??????). ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? . ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ${\vec {g}}$ ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 9.81 ??? ??? ????? ????? (??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????) ????? ??? ???? ?????. ^[11] ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? $m$ ?????? ?? ???:

${\vec {F}}=m{\vec {a}}$

?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? (??? ????) ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. ^[4]^[5]

????? ??????????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??? 1784 ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? . ^[12] ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? . ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[13]

??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? electric field ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ≪ ?????? ?????????? ≫ ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ^[4]? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????:

${\vec {E}}={\frac {\vec {F}}{q}}$

????? $q$ ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ^[12] ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ^[12] ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? . ^[4]^[5]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? Z ?W ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? 10 ¹³ ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????.

????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ) ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ^[12] ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ^[4]^[5]

???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???: ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

????? ??? ???????? ?????? ( $F_{\mathrm {sf} }$ ) ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ( $\mu _{\mathrm {sf} }$ ) ??????? ?????? ???????? ( $F_{N}$ ). ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????:

$0\leq F_{\mathrm {sf} }\leq \mu _{\mathrm {sf} }F_{\mathrm {N} }$

???? ??? ???????? ?????? () ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??:

$F_{\mathrm {kf} }=\mu _{\mathrm {kf} }F_{N}$

???? $\mu _{\mathrm {kf} }$ ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????.

???? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

$F_{k}$ ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1676 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? .

?? ???? ( $\Delta x$ ) ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????:

${\vec {F}}=-k\Delta {\vec {x}}$

???? $k$ ???? ?????? (?? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ??? N)? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? $kg.m.s^{-2}$ . ^[14] ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? dyne ? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? $g.cm.s^{-2}$ ? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? 100,000 ????.

?? ???? ???-???-????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???-??? (lbf) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???-???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? $9.80665m.s^{-2}$ . ^[14] ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? slug ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????-???. ^[14]

????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???-???-????? ??? ??? ???? fps ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[14] ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? .

???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? (kgf) (???? ????? ?????????? kilopond) ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[14] ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? mug ?? hyl ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? 1 ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? 1 kgf.

??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????-??? kgf ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? sthene ????? ????? 1000 N? ????? ????? kip ????? ????? 1000 lbf.


	????? (???? ??????? ???????)	????	???????? ????	???-???	???????
1 N	≡ 1 kg?m/s ²	= 10 ⁵ dyn	? 0.10197 kp	? 0.22481 lbf	? 7.2330 pdl
1 dyn	= 10 ^?5 N	≡ 1 g?cm/s ²	? 1.0197 × 10 ^?6 kp	? 2.2481 × 10 ^?6 lbf	? 7.2330 × 10 ^?5 pdl
1 kp	= 9.80665 N	= 980665 dyn	≡ g _n ? (1 kg)	? 2.2046 lbf	? 70.932 pdl
1 lbf	? 4.448222 N	? 444822 dyn	? 0.45359 kp	≡ g _n ? (1 lb)	? 32.174 pdl
1 pdl	? 0.138255 N	? 13825 dyn	? 0.014098 kp	? 0.031081 lbf	≡ 1 lb?ft/s ²
??????? ???? ???????? ????????? g _n ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? .

????? [ ??? ]

^ Quantities and units?Part 4: Mechanics (???????????) (1st ed.), International Organization for Standardization , 1 Mar 2006, 4-9.1, QID : Q26711933
^ ^? ^? T. L. (1897). The Works Of Archimedes . Cambridge University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-16.
^ Shears? Young. University Physics . ?. 18?38.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? The Feynman lectures on physics (?. New millennium edition). New York. ISBN : 978-0-465-02414-8 . OCLC : 671704374 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-10. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ????? ??? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? An introduction to mechanics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN : 0-521-19821-6 . OCLC : 573196466 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-07.
^ The order of nature in Aristotle's physics : place and the elements . Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press. 1998. ISBN : 0-521-62453-3 . OCLC : 38147822 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-08.
^ Cosmology : historical, literary, philosophical, religious, and scientific perspectives . New York: Garland Pub. 1993. ISBN : 0-8153-1085-4 . OCLC : 27266760 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-29.
^ Galileo at work : his scientific biography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1978. ISBN : 0-226-16226-5 . OCLC : 3770650 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11.
^ Dynamical systems . Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ⓒ1988-<c2003>. ISBN : 0-387-17002-2 . OCLC : 16404140 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-09. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )
^ The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy . Berkeley. ISBN : 0-520-08816-6 . OCLC : 40762507 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-07.
^ Cook, A. H. (1965-10). "A New Absolute Determination of the Acceleration due to Gravity at the National Physical Laboratory" . Nature (???????????). 208 (5007): 279?279. DOI : 10.1038/208279a0 . ISSN : 0028-0836 . Archived from the original on 8 ????? 2021. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( help )
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Physics (?. 6th ed). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. 2004. ISBN : 0-471-15183-1 . OCLC : 52922327 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-29. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ????? ??? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
^ Coulomb, Charles (1784). "Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'elasticite des fils de metal". Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences : 229?269.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Wandmacher? Cornelius? Johnson? Arnold (1995). Metric Units in Engineering . ASCE Publications. ?. 15 . ISBN : 978-0-7844-0070-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-04.

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?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? MIT OpenCourseWare.
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[wikidata-f215518aa6c73fe521d6b4fda570318e51a298d4-1] Quantities and units?Part 4: Mechanics (???????????) (1st ed.), International Organization for Standardization , 1 Mar 2006, 4-9.1, QID : Q26711933

[مولد_تلقائيا2-2] ? ^? T. L. (1897). The Works Of Archimedes . Cambridge University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-16.

[3] Shears? Young. University Physics . ?. 18?38.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-4] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? The Feynman lectures on physics (?. New millennium edition). New York. ISBN : 978-0-465-02414-8 . OCLC : 671704374 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-10. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ????? ??? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

[:0-5] ? ^? ^? ^? An introduction to mechanics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN : 0-521-19821-6 . OCLC : 573196466 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-07.

[6] The order of nature in Aristotle's physics : place and the elements . Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press. 1998. ISBN : 0-521-62453-3 . OCLC : 38147822 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-08.

[7] Cosmology : historical, literary, philosophical, religious, and scientific perspectives . New York: Garland Pub. 1993. ISBN : 0-8153-1085-4 . OCLC : 27266760 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-29.

[8] Galileo at work : his scientific biography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1978. ISBN : 0-226-16226-5 . OCLC : 3770650 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11.

[9] Dynamical systems . Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ⓒ1988-<c2003>. ISBN : 0-387-17002-2 . OCLC : 16404140 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-09. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )

[10] The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy . Berkeley. ISBN : 0-520-08816-6 . OCLC : 40762507 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-07.

[11] Cook, A. H. (1965-10). "A New Absolute Determination of the Acceleration due to Gravity at the National Physical Laboratory" . Nature (???????????). 208 (5007): 279?279. DOI : 10.1038/208279a0 . ISSN : 0028-0836 . Archived from the original on 8 ????? 2021. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( help )

[مولد_تلقائيا3-12] ? ^? ^? ^? Physics (?. 6th ed). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. 2004. ISBN : 0-471-15183-1 . OCLC : 52922327 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-29. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ????? ??? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

[13] Coulomb, Charles (1784). "Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'elasticite des fils de metal". Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences : 229?269.

[metric_units-14] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Wandmacher? Cornelius? Johnson? Arnold (1995). Metric Units in Engineering . ASCE Publications. ?. 15 . ISBN : 978-0-7844-0070-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-04.

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