한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??? ?????? ?????? - 13 ????? 2011
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Replica of the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945
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???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. [1] [2] [3]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? 50? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????. [4] ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ≪????? ????????≫ -??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????- ???? ≪????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????≫. [5] [6]

?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. [7] ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????.

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????- ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? 37,590 ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?? 18 ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 15 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 407,391 ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? 31 ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????. [8]

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????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? 1942 ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪???? ?????≫ ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? 14 ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1998 ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. [9]

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??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? 17 ????? 2014? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??)? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. [10] [11]

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???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? (???????)? ???? ??? ?? 20 ????? 2013. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 19 ????? 2001. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 23 ?????? 2010 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. [12] [13]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?? 4000 ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? 225,000,000 ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? 1949 ?1989. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. [14] ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. [15]

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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????. [16]

???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪????? ??????≫ ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ≪??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????.≫ [17]

?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. [18] ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????. [19]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? [20] ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? 37,590 ????? [21] ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? 18 ????? ?? ?????? . [22]

????? ????? ????? ????? ???? 15 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? 407391 ???? ?? ??????? ??????? [23] ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? 31 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. [24]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Efron? Sonni (30 ?????? 1999). "System of Disposable Laborers" . Los Angeles Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-28 .
  2. ^ Wald? Matthew L. (29 ????? 2000). "U.S. Acknowledges Radiation Killed Weapons Workers" . New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-28 .
  3. ^ Iwaki? H.T. (8 ?????? 2012). "Meet the Fukushima 50? No, you can't" . The Economist . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-28 .
  4. ^ Bagne? Paul (?????? 1982). "The Glow Boys: How Desperate Workers are Mopping Up America's Nuclear Mess" . Mother Jones . ?. VII ?. IX: 24?27. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-28 .
  5. ^ Efron? Sonny (30 ?????? 1999). "System of Disposable Laborers" . Los Angeles Times. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-01 .
  6. ^ Petersen-Smith? Khury. "Twenty-first century colonialism in the Pacific" . IRS. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-01 .
  7. ^ Jacob? P.? Ruhm, L.? Blettner, M.? Hammer, G.? Zeeb, H. (30 ???? 2009). "Is cancer risk of radiation workers larger than expected?" (PDF) . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . ?. 66 ?. 12: 789?796. DOI : 10.1136/oem.2008.043265 . PMC : 2776242 . PMID : 19570756 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-01-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-28 .
  8. ^ Cardis? E.? Vrijheid? M.? Blettner? M.? Gilbert? E.? Hakama? M.? Hill? C.? Howe? G.? Kaldor? J.? Muirhead? C. R.? Schubauer-Berigan? M.? Yoshimura? T.? Bermann? F.? Cowper? G.? Fix? J.? Hacker? C.? Heinmiller? B.? Marshall? M.? Thierry-Chef? I.? Utterback? D.? Ahn? Y-O.? Amoros? E.? Ashmore? P.? Auvinen? A.? Bae? J-M.? Bernar? J.? Biau? A.? Combalot? E.? Deboodt? P.? Sacristan? A. Diez? Eklof? M.? Engels? H.? Engholm? G.? Gulis? G.? Habib? R. R.? Holan? K.? Hyvonen? H.? Kerekes? A.? Kurtinaitis? J.? Malker? H.? Martuzzi? M.? Mastauskas? A.? Monnet? A.? Moser? M.? Pearce? M. S.? Richardson? D. B.? Rodriguez-Artalejo? F.? Rogel? A.? Tardy? H.? Telle-Lamberton? M.? Turai? I.? Usel? M.? Veress? K. (????? 2007). "The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks". Radiation Research . International Agency for Research on Cancer. ?. 167 ?. 4: 396?416. Bibcode : 2007RadR..167..396C . DOI : 10.1667/RR0553.1 . PMID : 17388693 .
  9. ^ Nikiforuk? Andrew (14 ???? 1998). "Echoes of the Atomic Age: Cancer kills fourteen aboriginal uranium workers" . Calgary Herald. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-13 .
  10. ^ Commission de Recherche et d'Information Independantes sur la Radioactivite. "Preliminary results of CRIIRAD radiation monitoring near uranium mines in Namibia" (PDF) . April 11, 2012 . CRIIAD. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-07 .
  11. ^ Commission de Recherche et d'Information Independantes sur la Radioactivite. "CRIIRAD Preliminary Report No. 12-32b Preliminary results of radiation monitoring near uranium mines in Namibia" (PDF) . April 5, 2012 . CRIIRAD EJOLT Project. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-04-07 .
  12. ^ WISE. "Issues at Operating Uranium Mines and Mills - Africa" . WISE Uranium Project . World Information Service on Energy. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-17 .
  13. ^ WISE. "Regulatory Issues - Africa" . WISE Uranium Project . World Information Service on Energy. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-17 .
  14. ^ "Te Ara: Encyclopedia of New Zealand" . Government of New Zealand. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-23 .
  15. ^ Sovacool? Benjamin K.? Dworkin? Michael H. (?????? 2014). Global Energy Justice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?. 162. ISBN : 9781107665088 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-23 .
  16. ^ National Research Council; Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation; Board on Radiation Effects Research (BRER); Division on Earth and Life Studies (DEL) (2006). Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BIER VII Phase 2. National Academies Press Open Book. ISBN 978-0-309-09156-5 .
  17. ^ Sponsler, Ruth; Cameron, John R. (October 3, 2005). "Nuclear shipyard worker study (1980-1988): a large cohort exposed to low-dose gamma radiation". International Journal of Low Radiation. 1 (4/2005): 463?478. doi:10.1504/ijlr.2005.007915.
  18. ^ Brugge, Doug; deLemos, Jamie L.; Bui, Cat (2007). "The Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release and the Church Rock Spill: Unpublicized Nuclear Releases in American Indian Communities". American Journal of Public Health. 97 (9): 1595?1600. doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.103044. PMC 1963288. PMID 17666688 .
  19. ^ "Draft Environmental Impace Statement for Completion of the West Valley Demonstration Project and Closure or Long-Term Management of Facilities at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center". EPA.gov. U.S. Department of Energy and New York Energy Research and Development Authority.
  20. ^ Koshurnikova, N.A.; Shilnikova, N.S.; Sokolnikov, M.E.; Bolotnikova, M.G.; Okatenko, P.V.; Kuznetsova, I.S.; Vasilenko, E.K.; Khokhryakov, V.F.; Kreslov, V.V. (2006). "Medical-dosimetry registry of workers at the 'Mayak' production association". International Journal of Low Radiation. Inderscience Publishers. 2 (3/4): 236?242. doi:10.1504/IJLR.2006.009516. Retrieved 6/01/2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ Liu, Hanhua; Wakeford, Richard; Ridell, Anthony; O'Hagan, Jacqueline; MacGregor, David; Agius, Raymond; Wilson, Christine; Peace, Mark; de Vocht, Frank (February 10, 2016). "A review of job-exposure matrix methodology for application to workers exposed to radiation from internally deposited plutonium or other radioactive materials". Journal of Radiological Protection. 36 (1): R1?22. Bibcode:2016JRP....36R...1L. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/36/1/R1. PMID 26861451 .
  22. ^ nternational Atomic Energy Agency (2011). "IAEA International Fact Finding Expert Mission of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP Accident Following the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF). Team Leaders: Michael William Weightman, Health and Safety Executive, Office for Nuclear Regulation, United Kingdom and Philippe Jamet, Autorite de Surete Nucleaire, France (May 24 - June 2, 2011). IAEA. IAEA Mission Report, Division of Nuclear Installation Safety, Department of Nuclear Safety and Security. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  23. ^ Azizova, Tamara V.; Muirhead, Colin R.; Moseeva, Maria B.; Grigoryeva, Evgenia S.; Sumina, Margarita V.; O'Hagan, Jacqueline; Zhang, Wei; Haylock, Richard J. G. E.; Hunter, Nezahat (2011). "Cerebrovascular diseases in nuclear workers first employed at the Mayak PA in 1948?1972". Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. Springerlink. 50 (4): 539?552. doi:10.1007/s00411-011-0377-6. PMID 21874558 . Retrieved 6/01/2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ McGeoghegan, D.; Whaley, S.; Binks, K.; Gillies, M.; Thompson, K.; McElvenny, D. M. (2010). "Mortality and cancer registration experience of the Sellafield workers known to have been involved in the 1957 Windscale accident: 50 year follow-up". Journal of Radiological Protection. Bibcode:2010JRP....30..407M. 30 (3): 407?431. Bibcode:2010JRP....30..407M. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/30/3/001. PMID 20798473 .

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