????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????
شعار الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
???? ???????? ??????? ?????????
????? ???????
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب
??? ??????? ??? ????????

????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ( ??????????? : Stop Online Piracy Act )? ?? "SOPA" ???????. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? 26 ?????? ???? 2011 ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? . ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? (??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????) ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (PIPA).

????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ≪??????? ?????? ??????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????.

???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ≪?? ??????≫ ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? . ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 24 ???? ?????? 18 ????? ?????? 2012 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? 7,000 ???? ????. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????.

??? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? (RIAA)? ≪??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????≫? ?≪?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????≫. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? RIAA? CBS.com? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 19 ?????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? "hacktivist" ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????.

?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? (????) ?????. [1] [2] ?? 20 ????? 2012 ? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ≪?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????... ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??≫.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????

????? ??????? ??? 3261 ?? HR-3261 ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 26 ?????? 2011 ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (?????? ?? ?????) ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? 12 ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. [3] 

??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? PRO-IP ??????? ?? ??? 2008 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (PIPA).
[4]

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. [5] [6]

???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. [6]

???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????????. ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????. [6] ?? ????? 2013? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ≪????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????≫. [7]

???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????. [5]

???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. [8] 

????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? 500 ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????.
[9]

???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? [10] ????? ????? ??? ????????? [11] 

???? ????? ????????? 
[12]

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????.
[10]

?? ?????? 2011? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? (?????? ?? ???????)? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [13]

?? 12 ?????? 2011? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ≪????? ??????≫? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. [14] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????: ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????. [15] [16]

??????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? "??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ?? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? 18-19 ????? 2012 ???? 24 ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ≪ ???? ≫ ?≪ ???? ≫? ????? ????? ≪???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???≫ ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 160 ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???.

??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? 18-1-2012 ?????? ??? ??? ???????

???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? (www.google.com) ≪???? ????????: ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????!≫.

???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ????: "???? ???????? ?? ???".

???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 24 ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????: ≪???? ?????? ?? ???≫. ??? ??????? ?????? ????????:

?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????

  • ?? ?? ??
  • BMI
  • CBS
  • Comcast/NBCUniversal
  • Disney Publishing Worldwide, Inc.
  • EMI Music Publishing
  • Entertainment Software Association
  • ESPN
  • Major League Baseball
  • Marvel Entertainment, LLC
  • MasterCard Worldwide
  • Motion Picture Association of America
  • National Cable & Telecommunications Association
  • National Football League
  • News Corporation
  • Random House
  • Scholastic, Inc.
  • Sony/ATV Music Publishing
  • Sony Music Entertainment
  • Time Warner
  • Universal Music
  • Universal Music Publishing Group
  • Viacom
  • ???? ????.
  • Warner Music Group

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Juliana Gruenwald (8 ?????? 2011). "Critics of Online-Piracy Bills Release Their Own Draft Legislation" . NationalJournal. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-03-18.
  2. ^ "OPEN: Online Protection & Enforcement of Digital Trade Act" . keepthewebopen.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-11 .
  3. ^ House Introduces Internet Piracy Bill ; Washington Post; October 26, 2011 ???? ?????? 22 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ Jim Abrams (19 ????? 2012). "PIPA and SOPA: What you need to know" . The Christian Science Monitor. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-21.
  5. ^ ? ? The US Stop Online Piracy Act: A Primer ; PC World ? Business Center; November 16, 2011 ???? ?????? 26 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  6. ^ ? ? ? "Bill Summary by Congressional Research Service" . Thomas ? Library of Congress. ?????? 26, 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 19, 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 21, 2011 .
  7. ^ "SOPA died in 2012, but Obama administration wants to revive part of it" . ??????? ????? . 5 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-22 .
  8. ^ Beth Marlowe (17 ?????? 2011). "SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) debate: Why are Google and Facebook against it?" . Washington Post . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-17 .
  9. ^ Eric Engleman. "House Judiciary Chairman Says Google Obstructs Piracy Bill" . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-12-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-19 .
  10. ^ ? ? Tribe? Laurence H. (6 ?????? 2011). "THE "STOP ONLINE PIRACY ACT" (SOPA) VIOLATES THE FIRST AMENDMENT" . ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-10 .
  11. ^ Chloe Albanesius (16 ?????? 2011). "SOPA: Is Congress Pushing Web Censorship? | News & Opinion" . PCMag.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-18 .
  12. ^ Chloe Albanesius (1 ?????? 2011). "Will Online Piracy Bill Combat 'Rogue' Web Sites or Cripple the Internet?" . PC Magazine . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-19 .
  13. ^ Gautham Nagesh (31 ?????? 2011). "Tech groups say online piracy bill would create 'nightmare' for Web and social media firms" . The Hill. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-19 .
  14. ^ Musil? Steven (16 ?????? 2011). "SOPA revised but still reviled" . CNET . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-25 .
  15. ^ Gross? Grant (14 ????? 2012). "GOP lawmakers seek to postpone PIPA vote" . Computerworld . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-25 .
  16. ^ Zapler? Mike (14 ?????? 2011). "Smith fires back at Google, critics" . Politico . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24.
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_???_???????_???_????????&oldid=63637021 ≫