한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 1957 ??? ????? ???. [1]

?? 1957 ??? 1960 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1957 ?? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. [2] ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???. [2] ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? 1960 ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? . [3]

????? (1957?1960) [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? .

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(??????? - ??????) 		????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????
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(1926?2022) 		6 ???? 1957 1 ????? 1960 3 ????? ?117 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

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??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. [4] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? 1957 ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? 1931 , [5] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??????- ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???. [6] ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . [7]

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(1898?1962) 		6 ???? 1957 14 ???? 1957 69 ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
(1894?1967) 		14 ???? 1957 13 ?????? 1957 183 ????
2 ????? ????? ???
(1906?1997) 		13 ?????? 1957 1 ????? 1960 2 ????? ?231 ????

????????? ?????? (1960?1966) [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? 1960 ? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. [8] ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? 5 ?????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? .

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(1909?1972) 		1960
1964 [C] 		1 ????? 1960 26 ?????? 1966
( ????? . ) 		5 ????? ?240 ???? ??? ??????? ??????

????? ??????? (1966-1969) [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

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(1915?1992)
???? ???? ??????? ?????? 		24 ?????? 1966 2 ????? 1969
( ??????. ) 		3 ????? ?37 ???? ?????? ??????? ???????
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(1936?1979)
???? ???? ??????? ?????? 		2 ????? 1969 3 ?????? 1969 154 ????

????????? ??????? (1969-1972) [ ??? ]

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(1936?1979)
???? ?????? ???????? 		? 3 ?????? 1969 7 ????? 1970 338 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
? ?? ??? ??????
(1906?1986) 		? 7 ????? 1970 31 ????? 1970 24 ???? ?????
4 ?????? ????? ???
(1906?1979) 		? 31 ????? 1970 13 ????? 1972
( ????? . ) 		1 ??? ?135 ???? ?????

????? ??????? (1972-1979) [ ??? ]

???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????. [9]

?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????, [10] ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? . [11]

? ????? ????

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(??????? ???????) 		??? ?????? ????? ???????
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5 ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????
(1931?1979)
???? ? ???? ?????? ?????? 		13 ????? 1972 5 ????? 1978
( ??????? . ) 		6 ????? ?173 ???? ?????? ??????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ?????? (????)
?? 9 ?????? 1975
6 ?????? ???? ?????
(1937?1979)
???? ?????? ??????? ?????? (????) 		5 ????? 1978 4 ????? 1979
( ????? . ) 		334 ????
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(1947?2020)
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? 		4 ????? 1979 24 ?????? 1979 112 ????

????????? ??????? (1979-1981) [12] [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? 1979 ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. [13] ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. [14]

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(1934?1998) 		1979 24 ?????? 1979 31 ?????? 1981
( ????? . ) 		2 ????? ?98 ???? ????? ?????? ??????

????? ??????? (1981-1993) [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????. [15] [16]

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(1947?2020)
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? 		31 ?????? 1981 7 ????? 1993 11 ????? ?7 ???? ?????? ??????? ???????

????????? ??????? (1993 ??? ????) [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. [12] [17] ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. [17]

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(1947?2020) 		1992
1996 		7 ????? 1993 7 ????? 2001 8 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
8 ??? ?????
(?????? 1938) 		2000
2004 		7 ????? 2001 7 ????? 2009 8 ????? ????? ?????? ??????
9 ??? ??? ????
(1944?2012) 		2008 7 ????? 2009 24 ????? 2012
( ???? ?? ??????. ) 		3 ????? ?199 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????
10 ??? ??????? ??????
(?????? 1958) 		2012 24 ????? 2012 7 ????? 2017 4 ????? ?167 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????
11 ???? ????? ???
(?????? 1944) 		2016
2020 		7 ????? 2017 ???? 7 ????? ?148 ???? ????? ?????? ??????

?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1960 [ ??? ]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

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????? ?????? ????? (????) ??????? ????????? ??????????? (???? ??? ????? ??? ?????) [18]
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????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? 1957 ??? ????"? The Ghana Reader ? Duke University Press? ?. 299?300? 2016? DOI : 10.1215/9780822374961-060 ? ISBN : 978-0-8223-7496-1
  2. ^ ? ? "Magnum Photos" . pro.magnumphotos.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-05-26 .
  3. ^ "Ghana ? INDEPENDENT GHANA" . countrystudies.us . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-05-26 .
  4. ^ Vandrei? Martha (19 ????? 2018). "That ubiquitous monarch". Oxford Scholarship Online . DOI : 10.1093/oso/9780198816720.003.0007 .
  5. ^ Ibingira? Grace Stuart (30 ????? 2019)? "Ghana"? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ? Routledge? ?. 51?59? DOI : 10.4324/9780429052002-4 ? ISBN : 978-0-429-05200-2 ? S2CID : 240905963
  6. ^ "???? ? ????? ???? (????????) (26 ?????? 1909 - 18 ?????? 1993) ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? 1982-87 (?????? ????? ????? ? 1979-80 ? ?????? ? 1974-1979)"? Who Was Who ? Oxford University Press? 1 ?????? 2007? DOI : 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u173811
  7. ^ Prempeh, H. Kwasi (30 Jul 2013). "??????? ????????? ??????? "???????? ???????" ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????" . Order from Transfer (??????????? ?????????): 209?234. DOI : 10.4337/9781781952115.00020 . ISBN : 9781781952115 . Archived from the original on 2023-03-16.
  8. ^ Todd E? Pettys (9 ?????? 2018). "????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????". The Iowa State Constitution . DOI : 10.1093/law/9780190490836.003.0007 .
  9. ^ "????? ? ????? ???? ?????? (11 ????? 1913 - 28 ????? 1978) ? ???? ????? ???? ? 1969-1972"? Who Was Who ? Oxford University Press? 1 ?????? 2007? DOI : 10.1093/WW/9780199540884.013.u152838
  10. ^ Rich? Jeremy (8 ?????? 2011)? "Akuffo, Fred"? African American Studies Center ? Oxford University Press? DOI : 10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.48197 ? ISBN : 978-0-19-530173-1
  11. ^ Shillington, Kevin. (1992). Ghana and the Rawlings factor . Macmillan. ISBN : 0-333-56845-1 . OCLC : 28182404 .
  12. ^ ? ? Nketia? J.H. Kwabena (2001). "Ghana, Republic of". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. DOI : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }} : ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
  13. ^ Yankson-Mensah, Marian. (2020). ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? . T.M.C. Asser Press. ISBN : 978-94-6265-379-5 . OCLC : 1151190908 .
  14. ^ Nketia? J.H. Kwabena (2001). "??????? ????". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. DOI : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11009 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }} : ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
  15. ^ Gyimah-Boadi, E. (1993). ???? ??? ??? PNDC . CODESRIA. ISBN : 2-86978-018-4 . OCLC : 475366719 .
  16. ^ Isaacs? Anita (1993)? "??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????"? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ? 1972-1992 ? Palgrave Macmillan UK? ?. 35?65? DOI : 10.1007/978-1-349-08922-2_3 ? ISBN : 978-1-349-08924-6
  17. ^ ? ? "???? - ??????? ????????". DOI : 10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_081034 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }} : ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
  18. ^ Miller, Jon (22 May 2014). Missionary Zeal and Institutional Control: Organizational Contradictions in the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast 1828-1917 (???????????). Routledge. p. 30. ISBN : 978-1-136-87625-7 . Archived from the original on 2023-01-26.

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