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???? ????
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??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.
[1]
[2]
???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ???????????)? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1789.
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
????? ??????????
.
[3]
??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
[3]
[4]
????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ≪?????≫ ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ≪???????≫ ?? ≪??????≫ ?? ≪????????≫? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????.
[5]
????? ??????? ???????? ????????
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?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?? ????? ???????????? ??? 9 ???? 10? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ????? ??????
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???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? -???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????-
??????????? ????????????
-?? ???????
?????? ???????
??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????- ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????.
[6]
[7]
[8]
?????? ?????? ?????: 1792-1824
[
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]
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? (??????? ????? ???? ≪???????? ??????????≫). ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? ???????
? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.
???? ??????? ?????? ??????? -?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????- ????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1800? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1812 ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? (1816-1824) ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????.
[9]
[10]
?????? ?????? ??????: 1828-1854
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]
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1828 ??? 1854? ??? ??????
????? ???????? ??????????
. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????: ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????
????? ??????
. ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.
?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????
????????
??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????.
[11]
?????? ?????? ??????: 1854-1890
[
???
]
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1854 ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.
??????? ?????
????? ???????
?????? ???????
???????? ??? ????? ??? 1877 ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (?????????) ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? (??????????) ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? (?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????)? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.
[12]
?????? ?????? ??????: 1896-1932
[
???
]
????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 1896 ??? 1932? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1893? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? 1896.
?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (≪??????????≫)? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???
?????? ???????
.
[13]
??????? ??? ??????? ????????
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??????? ????????
[
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?????
[
???
]
- ^
Roy Franklin Nichols (1967).
The invention of the American political parties
. Macmillan. ????? ??
?????
?? 2017-03-25.
- ^
Robert J. Dinkin,
Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices.
(Greenwood 1989) online version
???? ??????
20 ????? 2010 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
William B. Hesseltine,
Third-Party Movements in the United States
(1962)
- ^
Paul Kleppner, et al.
The Evolution of American Electoral Systems
(1983),
- ^
Klar? Samara (22 ????? 2016).
"9 media myths about independent voters, debunked"
.
Vox
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2019-09-05
. ???? ???? ??????
2019-03-07
.
- ^
????:Cite WS
- ^
Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780?1840
(1970)
- ^
Gordon S. Wood,
Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789?1815 (Oxford History of the United States)
- ^
William Nisbet Chambers, ed.
The First Party System
(1972)
- ^
George Dangerfield,
The Era of Good Feelings
(1952)
- ^
Feller? Daniel (1990).
"Politics and Society: Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis"
.
Journal of the Early Republic
. ?. 10 ?. 2: 135?161.
DOI
:
10.2307/3123555
.
JSTOR
:
3123555
.
- ^
Paul Kleppner; Paul.
The Third Electoral System 1853?1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures
(1979),
online edition
???? ??????
9 ?????? 2010 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Robin Archer,
Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?
(Princeton University Press, 2007)