????? ????

??????? ????
????????	VW (??????????)
???? ????	KdF Wagen (en)
?????? ?????	Das Auto (??????????)
?????	???????
???????	1937
?????	???? ????
????? ????????	?????????????
????? ???????	????????? - ???????
???????	????? ??? ???? (2016) ;
????? ?????	vw.com (??????????) ; volkswagen.de (?????????) ; volkswagen.com ; volkswagen.ru
?????? ????	?????? ?????????
???????	????? ????????
????????	??????
????? ??????	????????
??????	???? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????????	Thomas Schafer (en) (2022 ? )
??? ????????	????? ????????? ; ???????? ???????.
????????	279.232 ????? ???? (2022)
????? ??????	1.94 ????? €
????? ????????	22.124 ????? ???? (2022)

????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ( ?????????? : Volkswagen? ????: [f?lks.vaː??n]) ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? 1937? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ^[4]

????? ???? ( ?????????? : Volkswagen )? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? Volk: ???? ???? Wagen: ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ^[5] ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ( ?????? ).

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? (????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ( ?????? ) ??????? ????? 1,000,000 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ( ???? ) ??????? ???? ??? ???? ( ?????????? ) ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ( ????? ) ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?? ????? ????? ?? ????? "Volks" ????? ???? ≪???≫ ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? .

???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ≪????? ????≫ ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 2011 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ≪?? ?????≫ ???? 8,156 ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 2012 ^[6]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ??? 1937 ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ( Deutsche Arbeitsfront ) ?? ????? . ^[7] ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? - ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 50 ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ???????? - ?????? 170H ?BMW 3/15 ?Adler AutoBahn ?Steyr 55 ?Hanomag 1.3L ??????.

?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? Bela Barenyi ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? Standard Superior (???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ≪????????? ?????????≫). ?? ???????? ????? ???? Hanomag ??????? 2/10 PS "Kommissbrot"? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1925 ??? ??? 1928. ^[8] ?????? ?? ????????????? ? ????? ????? Tatra T77 ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ≪????? ????≫ ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1933? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ≪??????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????). ^[9]

??? 1934? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? 100 ??????? ?? ?????? (62 ???/?). ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????. ^[9] ????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? 990 Reichsmarks (396 ??????? ???????? ?? 1938 ???????) - ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? (???? ????? ????? ????? 32 ?????? ?????? ?? ???????). ^[10]^[11]

????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 990 ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? (?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???). ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ( " Funf Mark die Woche musst du sparen, willst du im eigenen Wagen fahren " - ≪??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ≫)? ????? ????? ????? 336000 ??? ?? ???????. ^[12] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[13] ^{[Note 1]}

????? ????? ??????? ???? "KdF-Wagen" (?????????: Kraft durch Freude ? ≪????? ?? ???? ?????≫) ???? ??? ??? 1938 ??????? (?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ). ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? . ???? ????? VW ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? KdF ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? Volks? ("People") ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ≪ Volksempfanger ≫ ??? ???? ??????. ?? 28 ???? 1937? ?? ????? ???? Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH (≪???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????????≫)? ?? Gezuvor ^[14] ???????? ?????? Deutsche Arbeitsfront ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? 16 ?????? 1938? ????? ??????? ??? Volkswagenwerk GmbH . ^[15]^[16]

??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? Auto Union ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? Ferdinand Porsche ??????? ??????? ^[9] ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? Beetle ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? - ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????.

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? 1938 ?? ??????? ??????? "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" ( ????????? ?????? )? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[15] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1939. ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? 1 ??? ???? ?? 20 ????? 1944 (??? ?????? ?????? ????????). ^[15]

?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? 20 ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? 12????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???2015 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? 5?04????? ????? ??????? 5,02 ????? ????? ?????? ??????4?80 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? 2018.

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? 2015 ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 600??? ???. ^[17]^[18]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ≪???? 7≫ ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ≪?????≫

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? 2009 ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? .
???? ???? ????? 2010 ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? .
???? ???? ????? 2011 ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? .

??? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????
????? ???? Eos
????? ???? ????
????? ???? ???? ????
????? ???? ???? ???????
????? ???? ???? 5
????? ???? Transporter
??????
????? ???? ?????
????? ???? Phaeton
????? ???? ????
????? ???? Scirocco
????? ???? Sharan
????? ???? ??????
????? ?????
????? ???? ?????

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1999? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? "????" . ?????? ??? ?? ???? Ford Model T ? BMC Mini ?Citroen DS . ^[19]

????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? 50 ?????.

????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? - ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? 1949.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Tooze notes: "Even if the war had not intervened, developments up to 1939 made clear that the entire conception of the 'people's car' was a disastrous flop." Tooze (2006) p.156) .

????? [ ??? ]

^ "?????? ????" .
^ ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): topic/Volkswagen-Group .
^ ^? ^? "???? ????" . 3 ???? 2023.
^ Murphy? Andrea. "2015 Global 2000: The World's Biggest Auto Companies" . Forbes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-26 .
^ "Volkswagen overtakes Ford as 3rd largest automaker" (???????????). Mississauga.com. 10 Sep 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |accessmonthday= ?? ?????? ( help ) and ?????? ??? ??????? |??? ??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |date= ( help ) ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
^ ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 2011 ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Manfred Grieger? Ulrike Gutzmann? Dirk Schlinkert? ???????? (2008). Volkswagen Chronicle (PDF) . Historical Notes. Volkswagen AG. ?. 7. ISBN : 978-3-935112-11-6 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2010-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-21 .
^ Miller? Elan (13 ?????? 2009). "Was Hitler's Beetle designed by a Jew?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-18 .
^ ^? ^? ^? Nelson? Walter (1967). Small Wonder . Little, Brown & Company. ?. 333 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-06-11.
^ William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
^ "Last Edition Beetle: History" . Lasteditionbeetle.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-22 .
^ Konig, Wolfgang. "Adolf Hitler vs. Henry Ford: The Volkswagen, the Role of America as a Model, and the Failure of a Nazi Consumer Society". German Studies Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 2004, pp. 249?268. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433081 ???? ?????? 24 August 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ..
^ Tooze? Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . London: Allen Lane. ?. 154 . ISBN : 978-0-7139-9566-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-13.
^ "Seventy-Five Years Ago: Porsche Receives the Order to Construct the Volkswagen" . porsche.com . ????? . 16 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-22 .
^ ^? ^? ^? Odin, L.C. World in Motion 1939 ? The whole of the year's automobile production . Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.
^ "A Brief History of Volkswagen" . hillsideimports.com . 6 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-03-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-10 .
^ ????????? ???? ???? "?????" ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? "????? ???? ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Cobb? James G. (24 ?????? 1999). "This Just In: Model T Gets Award" . ??????? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-02-20 .

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????? ???????) (???????: ?????? ??? ?????? 1990)
?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (???????: ??? ????????? 2012)

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? (????)

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[14] Tooze notes: "Even if the war had not intervened, developments up to 1939 made clear that the entire conception of the 'people's car' was a disastrous flop." Tooze (2006) p.156) .

[118b6bfee7e9fbcf3d1c7f61b1056064564b8a74-1] "?????? ????" .

[f3dccddecad33d1b798197f27793f0352a805a0e-2] ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): topic/Volkswagen-Group .

[ea6857808a77d97252eba1d7a8e5e274d2a5321a-3] ? ^? "???? ????" . 3 ???? 2023.

[4] Murphy? Andrea. "2015 Global 2000: The World's Biggest Auto Companies" . Forbes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-26 .

[5] "Volkswagen overtakes Ford as 3rd largest automaker" (???????????). Mississauga.com. 10 Sep 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |accessmonthday= ?? ?????? ( help ) and ?????? ??? ??????? |??? ??????= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |date= ( help ) ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[6] ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 2011 ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[chronicle-7] Manfred Grieger? Ulrike Gutzmann? Dirk Schlinkert? ???????? (2008). Volkswagen Chronicle (PDF) . Historical Notes. Volkswagen AG. ?. 7. ISBN : 978-3-935112-11-6 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2010-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-21 .

[8] Miller? Elan (13 ?????? 2009). "Was Hitler's Beetle designed by a Jew?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-18 .

[SmallWonder-9] ? ^? ^? Nelson? Walter (1967). Small Wonder . Little, Brown & Company. ?. 333 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-06-11.

[RiseFall-10] William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)

[LastBeet-11] "Last Edition Beetle: History" . Lasteditionbeetle.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-22 .

[12] Konig, Wolfgang. "Adolf Hitler vs. Henry Ford: The Volkswagen, the Role of America as a Model, and the Failure of a Nazi Consumer Society". German Studies Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 2004, pp. 249?268. JSTOR, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433081 ???? ?????? 24 August 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ..

[13] Tooze? Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . London: Allen Lane. ?. 154 . ISBN : 978-0-7139-9566-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-13.

[porsche-75-15] "Seventy-Five Years Ago: Porsche Receives the Order to Construct the Volkswagen" . porsche.com . ????? . 16 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-22 .

[Odin,_L.C._2015-16] ? ^? ^? Odin, L.C. World in Motion 1939 ? The whole of the year's automobile production . Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.

[17] "A Brief History of Volkswagen" . hillsideimports.com . 6 ????? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-03-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-10 .

[18] ????????? ???? ???? "?????" ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? "????? ???? ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[20] Cobb? James G. (24 ?????? 1999). "This Just In: Model T Gets Award" . ??????? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-02-20 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[Note 1]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

? ? ? ?????? ????? ????
?????? ????? ?????	??! ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 7 ???? ???? ???? 6 ???????? ???? (?? 5) ???? 7 ???? 5 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 2
?????? ???? ???????	?????? ??? ???????? 166 ???? ??????? ????????? (????) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 2 ???? 3 ???? 4 ???? 5 ???? 6 ????? ???? ?? 70 ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? 2 ????? 3 ????? 4 ????? 5 ????? 6 ???? ???? 2 ???? 3 ???? 4 ?????? ?????? 2 ?????????? ????? ?????
??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????