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?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? physiologoi ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ^[2] ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ^[3]^[4] ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????: ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? . ^[5]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ≪?? ??? ??????≫ ?? ???? ????? The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics ?????? ??? 1903? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.

?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ^[6]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ^[7] ???: ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

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???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ^[1]? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ^[8] ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???: ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????: ??????? On Nature? ????? ??????? on ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ^[9]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? 624 ?.? ? 546 ?.? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ^[8] ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? 610 ?.? ? 546 ?.? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ^[8] ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? (???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????)? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? 496 ?.? ? 582 ?.?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ^[8]? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????: ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.

????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? 475 ?.? ? 535 ?.?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???: ????????? Parmenides ???? ??? ????????? ?????? Zeno of Elea ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ^[8]

????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ^[8]

??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[8]

?????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????: ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????.
????????
????????
?????????

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????????.
?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[10]
???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ≪????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ???????≫ ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.
????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ^[11]
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ≪??????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ≫ ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????.
????? ???? ???? - ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? - ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ≪?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????≫ ???????? ??? 2002.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? "Presocratic Philosophy" , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 4 April 2016. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ William Keith Chambers Guthrie ^{[???? ????]}‏, The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus , p. 13, ( ???? 0-317-66577-4 ).
^ John Freely , Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe (2012) ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Most, G. W. (1999). The poetics of early Greek philosophy. In A. A. Long (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy (pp. 332?362). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521441226.016 ???? ?????? 2020-07-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Franco Orsucci, Changing Mind: Transitions in Natural and Artificial Environments , p. 14, ( ???? 981-238-027-2 ).
^ Eduard Zeller, Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy (1955). p. 323.
^ Simon Goldhill. Rethinking Revolutions Through Ancient Greece . ?. 221. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-07.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Oskar Seyffert, (1894), Dictionary of Classical Antiquities , page 480
^ Irwin, T. (1999). Classical Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 6, Google Books . ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Picturing Hegel: An Illustrated Guide to Hegel's Encyclopaedia of Logic . ?. 46. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-08.
^ Fredrich Nietzsche, Dawn, Aphorism 547 ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?? ??? ?????

[SEP-1] ? ^? "Presocratic Philosophy" , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 4 April 2016. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] William Keith Chambers Guthrie ^{[???? ????]}‏, The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus , p. 13, ( ???? 0-317-66577-4 ).

[3] John Freely , Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe (2012) ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] Most, G. W. (1999). The poetics of early Greek philosophy. In A. A. Long (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy (pp. 332?362). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521441226.016 ???? ?????? 2020-07-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] Franco Orsucci, Changing Mind: Transitions in Natural and Artificial Environments , p. 14, ( ???? 981-238-027-2 ).

[6] Eduard Zeller, Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy (1955). p. 323.

[7] Simon Goldhill. Rethinking Revolutions Through Ancient Greece . ?. 221. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-07.

[seyffert480-8] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Oskar Seyffert, (1894), Dictionary of Classical Antiquities , page 480

[9] Irwin, T. (1999). Classical Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 6, Google Books . ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] Picturing Hegel: An Illustrated Guide to Hegel's Encyclopaedia of Logic . ?. 46. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-08.

[11] Fredrich Nietzsche, Dawn, Aphorism 547 ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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