????? ?????

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? “????? ????? ?????” ^[1]? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ^[1] ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? (???? ????????)? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 672 ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ^[2] ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????: ?????????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????????).

????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????: ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? “?????? ???????”? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? “??????? ???????”. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????)? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (?? ????? ???????) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? (551-479) ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? Zhou. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? “?????????” ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? “???” Ren ????? ???????? ??????? ??? “?????? ?????????” ??????? ???????. ^[3] ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ^[4] ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.

?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[5] ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????.

??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? Xuanxue ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? Zen ???????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? Zen. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ^[6] ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? “?????? ????? ??????????” ???? ????? ???? ???? ????.

?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Ebrey? Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge University Press. ?. 42.
^ page 60, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, edited Ian McGreal Harper Collins 1995, ( ???? 0-06-270085-5 )
^ Yuli Liu, 'Confucius', in Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics, Hodder Arnold 2006 ( ???? 0-340-90028-8 )
^ Kung Fu Tze (Confucius) (1998). D. C. Lau (Translator) (??????). The Analects . Penguin Classics. ISBN : 0-14-044348-7 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )
^ Civilizations of the World: The Human Adventure : To the late 1600s, Richard Greaves p176
^ 'Maoism', in Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics, Hodder Arnold 2006 ( ???? 0-340-90028-8 )

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?????

[pe-1] ? ^? Ebrey? Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge University Press. ?. 42.

[2] 60, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, edited Ian McGreal Harper Collins 1995, ( ???? 0-06-270085-5 )

[3] Yuli Liu, 'Confucius', in Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics, Hodder Arnold 2006 ( ???? 0-340-90028-8 )

[Confucius-4] Kung Fu Tze (Confucius) (1998). D. C. Lau (Translator) (??????). The Analects . Penguin Classics. ISBN : 0-14-044348-7 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )

[5] Civilizations of the World: The Human Adventure : To the late 1600s, Richard Greaves p176

[6] 'Maoism', in Essentials of Philosophy and Ethics, Hodder Arnold 2006 ( ???? 0-340-90028-8 )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

? ? ? ????? ?????
??????? ???????	Agriculturalism ???????? Han learning ???????? ????? ???????? ????? Huang-Lao ?????? ????? Chinese Marxism School of Diplomacy ????? ??????? School of Naturalists ????? ????? Xuanxue Yangism Mixed School ???? ????: Nine Schools of Thought ?????? ????? ?????
??????	Cheng Hao Cheng Yi ????????? Gaozi Gongsun Long ??? ??? Huang Zongxi Huan Tan Hu Hong Jin Yuelin ?????? ?? ?? Lu Jiuyuan Luo Rufang ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? Su Qin Tu Weiming Wang Chong ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? Xu Xing Yang Zhu Zhang Yi ????? ??? Zhou Dunyi ????? ?? ??? ?? Zou Yan
??????	Dao : ?????? De : ??????? F? : ??????? ???? : ???? ?????? Jing : ??????? Jingzuo : ?????? L? : ???? ??????? L? : ????? ?? ??????? Mingyun : ??????? ?? ????? ??? : ????? Qing : ??????? Ren : ????????? S?n jiao : ???????? ?????? Shen : ????? S? : ???????? T? : ?????? Ti?n : ?????? ???? ???? : ????? ????? ?? ?? : ??? ????? ???? : ???? ???????? X?n : ??? ????? ???? : ??????? ????????? Xi? y?ng : ????? ????? Yi : ??????? ????? ???? : ??????? ????????? Yong : ??????? Zheng ming : ????? ??????? Zhi : ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? Ziran : ????? ?? ???????
??????	Logic Theology ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? Role ethics State consequentialism ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? Sh?n shu? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????