????? ?????

????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? .

?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? (???????) ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? (??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????).

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1498 ????? ?? ????? . ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? . ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? . ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1938 ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? 1899 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????

???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??"?????? ??????"? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ) ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? .

??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ^[1]? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 1690 ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ^[2]? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1780? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1770 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? 1857 ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1885 ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????.

?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1938 ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? 1959 . ??? ??? 2003 ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? . ^[3]

????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Who Invented the Toothbrush and When Was It Invented?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10.
^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p.62. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7 .
^ "2003 Invention Index" . 21 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-05-20 .

????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] "Who Invented the Toothbrush and When Was It Invented?" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10.

[2] Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p.62. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7 .

[3] "2003 Invention Index" . 21 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-05-20 .

[1]

[2]

[3]