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????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????). ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ≪?????? ????????≫? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? . ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ≪??? ???????? ????????≫. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? (?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????). ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? . ^[2]^[3]

?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??????? (??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 2004 ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ).

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??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? (????? ??????? ????????) ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? 1177? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? . ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? . ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.

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?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 1699? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 1725 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????.

???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? 1717? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????.

?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??? 1733? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????? ?????). ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? (??? ??????). ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????.

?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? (1670-1730)? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (1712)? ??????? ??????? ????? (1719)? ?????? ?????? ???????? (1702). ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (1747)? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (1769? ???? ??????? ??????).

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1781 ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????.

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? . ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??.

???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ McCullough, Niall. A Lost Tradition: The Nature of Architecture in Ireland . Gandon Editions: 1987. ( ???? 0-946641-03-X ).
^ "Through the door of history" . Irishtimes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-10-01 .
^ "Summers Past: Nuala O'Faolain cycles from Dublin to Lahinch, 1989" . Irishtimes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-10-01 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????????? ?????????? (???????????)
????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? (???????????)
????? ??????? ?????????? (???????????)

[1] McCullough, Niall. A Lost Tradition: The Nature of Architecture in Ireland . Gandon Editions: 1987. ( ???? 0-946641-03-X ).

[2] "Through the door of history" . Irishtimes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-10-01 .

[3] "Summers Past: Nuala O'Faolain cycles from Dublin to Lahinch, 1989" . Irishtimes.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-10-01 .

[1]

[2]

[3]