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???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? : ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????.
?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????.. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????.. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ^[5]

????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ??? ????? ?. ????? -???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????- ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????.

?????? ??? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

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??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪????? ???????≫? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ???????? (ESEM)? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ≪????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????≫.

???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????.

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??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? (??????? ??????) ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

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?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ≪?????? ?????? ??????????≫ (?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????) ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? .

?????? ????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.

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??? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????.

???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.

????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????.

?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? (???? ??????)? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Shugart, Herman H., and Robert V. O'Neill. "Systems ecology". Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross, 1979.
^ Van Dyne, George M. "Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists". ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1966.
^ Wilkinson? David M. (2006). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach . Oxford University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.
^ R.L. Kitching 1983, p.9.
^ (Kitching 1983, p.11)
^ A statement attributed to British biologist J.B.S. Haldane

??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Shugart, Herman H., and Robert V. O'Neill. "Systems ecology". Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross, 1979.

[2] Van Dyne, George M. "Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists". ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1966.

[3] Wilkinson? David M. (2006). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach . Oxford University Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.

[4] R.L. Kitching 1983, p.9.

[5] (Kitching 1983, p.11)

[6] A statement attributed to British biologist J.B.S. Haldane

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

? ? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????
???	?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? Biotic stress ???? ????????? ????? (?????) ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? Metabolic theory of ecology ??????? ???????? ????
???? ????	???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Foundation species ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? Mycotroph ???? ?? ????s ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
Consumers	????? ???? Bacterivore ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation ??????? ????? ???? ??????? Heterotrophic nutrition ?????? Mesopredator release hypothesis ???? Optimal foraging theory ?????? Prey switching
??????	??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????s ??????
????????	??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? Lithoautotroph ????? ??????? Microbial cooperation ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? Microbial loop ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ Phage ecology
????? ??????	???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ???????	???? ????s ???? ???? ????? Intertidal ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool
???????	Ascendency ????? ???? Cascade effect ????? ?????? ????? ?????? Consumer-resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network ????? ???? ???? Energy Systems Language f-ratio Feed conversion ratio ???? ?????? ?????? Mesotrophic soil ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism ???? ???? ???????
???? / ????	Animal coloration ???? ?? ?????????s ????? Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? Predator avoidance in schooling fish

? ? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????
??? ?????? ???????	???? Allee effect Depensation ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? Malthusian growth model ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? Population cycle ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ Predator?prey equations Recruitment ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????
?????	???? ???? Density-dependent inhibition ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? Gradient analysis ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? Latitudinal gradients in species diversity ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? Neutral theory Occupancy-abundance relationship ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? Priority effect ????? ???????? Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance ???? ??????? Species homogeneity ???? ??????? ???? ??????? Species-area curve ???? ????
????? ???????	Antibiosis ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? Interspecific competition ????? Storage effect
??? ?????? ???????	??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? Island biogeography ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? Landscape limnology ?????? ??? ?????? Patch dynamics ????? ?????? ??/??? Source?sink dynamics
??? ?????	??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? Environmental niche modelling Guild ???? ????? ????? Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models ???? ?????? Niche differentiation
????? ??? ??????	Assembly rules Bateman's principle ?????? ????? ?????? ???? Ecological debt Ecological deficit ??? ?????? ?????? Ecological indicator ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere
????	???? ??????? Alternative stable state ????? ???? Biological data visualization Constructal theory ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? Ecological forecasting ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? Ecopath ????? ????? ??????? Endolith ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? Macroecology Microecosystem ???? ?????? Regime shift ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
List of ecology topics

? ? ? ???? ?????
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???????	??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????	?????? ?????? Journals Research institutes Glossary
???? ????	????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
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???? ?????? ???	??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? thermo ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ecology zoology ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? studies ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? studies
?????????	????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? spatial ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????:????? ?????:???? ???????? ????? ?????:?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? Journals Research institutes ?????:????? ???????? ??????