??? ???? ??????

??? ???? ??	??? ?????? ? ??? ??????
??????	plant ecologist (en)

??? ???? ?????? ^[1] ( ??????????? : Plant ecology )? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4] ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????.

??? ??. ?????. ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 11 ?????? ?????? ???: ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? (???????)? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? (??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????)? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????/???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????: ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (??? ?????) ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? -??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????- ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???. ^[5]

??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? . ^[6]

????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? (?????????) ?????????. ^[7] ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[8] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????. ^[9]^[2] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ≪??≫ ???????? ?? ??? 1822 ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? (???? ???????)? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? -etum ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ≪?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????≫ ??????? ?? ??? 1872? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ≪???? ???????≫ ????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? (??? ?????? ??????) ??????? ?? ??? 1895 ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? (??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????) ??????? ?? ??? 1989. ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? (???? ???? ??? 1899) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1916 ??? ??? ???????.

???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????????. ??? 1904? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??? 1913? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? 1917? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? (?? ?? ???). ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????. ^[10]

??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? (???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????)? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[11]

????? [ ??? ]

^ ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 275? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534
^ ^? ^? Barbour? Michael G.? Jack H. Burk? Wanna D. Pitts? Frank S. Gilliam? Mark W. Schwartz (1999). Terrestrial Plant Ecology (?. Third). Addison Wesley Longman.
^ Keddy? Paul A. (2001). Competition . Dordrecht: Kluwer. ?. 552 . ISBN : 0-7923-6064-8 .
^ Schulze, Ernst-Detlef? ?????? (2005). Plant Ecology ? (Section 1.10.1: Herbivory) . Springer. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-24 .
^ Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [ The General Morphology of Organisms ] (??????????). Berlin, (Germany): Georg Reimer. Vol. vol. 2. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( help ) From p. 286: "Unter Oecologie verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle "Existenz-Bedingungen" rechnen konnen." (By "ecology" we understand the comprehensive science of the relationships of the organism to its surrounding environment, where we can include, in the broader sense, all "conditions of existence".)
^ Schulze, Ernst-Detlef? ?????? (2005). Plant Ecology . Springer. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-24 . ( ???? 3-540-20833-X )
^ Williams, G. C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Monographs in Population Biology. No. 8. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
^ Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.
^ van der Valk? Arnold (2011). "Origins and Development of Ecology". ?? Kevin deLaplante? Bryson Brown? Kent A. Peacock (????????). Philosophy of Ecology . Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ?. 11. ?. 25?48.
^ Cooper? W. S. (1957). "Sir ???? ?????? and the Science of Ecology". Ecology . ?. 38 ?. 4: 658?659. DOI : 10.2307/1943136 .
^ Lambers? Hans? F. Stuart Chapin III? Thijs L. Pons (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology (?. Second).

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???? ??????

[1] ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 275? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534

[Barbour1999-2] ? ^? Barbour? Michael G.? Jack H. Burk? Wanna D. Pitts? Frank S. Gilliam? Mark W. Schwartz (1999). Terrestrial Plant Ecology (?. Third). Addison Wesley Longman.

[3] Keddy? Paul A. (2001). Competition . Dordrecht: Kluwer. ?. 552 . ISBN : 0-7923-6064-8 .

[4] Schulze, Ernst-Detlef? ?????? (2005). Plant Ecology ? (Section 1.10.1: Herbivory) . Springer. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-24 .

[5] Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [ The General Morphology of Organisms ] (??????????). Berlin, (Germany): Georg Reimer. Vol. vol. 2. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( help ) From p. 286: "Unter Oecologie verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle "Existenz-Bedingungen" rechnen konnen." (By "ecology" we understand the comprehensive science of the relationships of the organism to its surrounding environment, where we can include, in the broader sense, all "conditions of existence".)

[SchulzeEtAl-Book-6] Schulze, Ernst-Detlef? ?????? (2005). Plant Ecology . Springer. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-24 . ( ???? 3-540-20833-X )

[7] Williams, G. C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Monographs in Population Biology. No. 8. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[8] Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.

[vanderValk2011-9] van der Valk? Arnold (2011). "Origins and Development of Ecology". ?? Kevin deLaplante? Bryson Brown? Kent A. Peacock (????????). Philosophy of Ecology . Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ?. 11. ?. 25?48.

[Cooper-10] Cooper? W. S. (1957). "Sir ???? ?????? and the Science of Ecology". Ecology . ?. 38 ?. 4: 658?659. DOI : 10.2307/1943136 .

[Lambers2008-11] Lambers? Hans? F. Stuart Chapin III? Thijs L. Pons (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology (?. Second).

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?????? ???????	????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? (?????) ???? ?????
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???????	???????? ?????? ???????? ????? 200 ?.? ?????? ?????? ????? 60? ??????? ??? ????????? 1530 ????????? ??? 1539 ????? ???????? 1561-1563 ??????? ??????? 1583 ???????? ??????? 1538 ?? ???????? 1583 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[??????????]1620 ?????? ^[??????????] 1623 ????? ???????? 1682?1704 ??? ????? ?????? 1682 ??? ?????? ^[?????????] 1694 ???? ??????? 1735 ??????? ??????? 1751 ????? ???????? (????) 1753 ????? ?????? 1675 ????? ????? 1727 ?????? ???????? ^[?????????] 1763-4 ????? ??? ?????? ^[?????????] 1779 1790* ?????? ???????? ^[?????????] ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? 1802 ????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1804 ??????? ?? ????? ?????? 1812 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ^[??????????] 1824-1841 ????? ???????? ^[??????????] 1862 ???? ????? 1872 ????? ?????? ^[??????????] 1895 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? 1898 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ^[?????????] 1981
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?????? ?????	???????? ????? 371 ? ????? 287 ?.? ??????? ?????? 23?79? ?????????? ????? 40-90 ???? ???????? ^[??????????] 1464-1534 ????????? ??? 1498-1554 ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] 1515-1544 ?????? ????? ^[??????????] 1515-1568 ?????? ??????? 1517-1585 ??????? ????????? 1519-1603 ?????? ????? 1560?1624 ?????? ???? 1587?1657 ??? ?? 1623?1705 ????? ??? ^[??????????] 1628?1711 ???????? ?????? 1628?1694 ????? ????? ?? ??????? 1656?1708 ????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1665?1721 ????? ????? 1677?1761 ????? ?? ????? 1699?1777 ????? ??????? 1727?1806 ??????? ?????? 1707?1778 ??? ?????????? 1730?1799 ????? ????? 1743?1820 ????? ???????? ??? ???? 1749?1832 ???? ?????? ???????? 1765?1812 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 1767?1845 ??????? ??? ??????? 1769?1859 ???? ??? ??????? 1773?1858 ?????? ?????? ??? ^[??????????] 1789?1852 ????? ???? (???? ??????) 1817?1911 ???????? ??????? 1841?1924 ??????? ????? ^[??????????] 1856?1901 ?????? ?????? 1804?1881 ??????? ????? 1805?1877 ??? ???? 1810?1888 ????? ??????? 1814?1879 ?????? ???? 1822?1884 ???????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1823?1894 ????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1824?1877 ?????? ??? ???? 1832?1897 ????? ?????? ????? 1844?1919 ??????? ??????? 1887?1943 ?????? ??????? 1902-1992 ???? ??????? ??????? 1906-2000 ????? ???? ^[??????????] 1913?2002 ???? ????????? 1919?1992
?????? ??? ???	????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????