??? ????? ??????? ???????

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? -???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????- ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? (??????? ??? ???????? ???????) ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[1]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??????? ????????) ^[2] ?/?? ????????? (??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????)? ^[3] ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ≪???????? ???????? ????????≫. ^[4] ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???.

????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????)? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? (??? ????? ???? ????? ???????)? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? (??? ????? ???? ??????) ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ^[6]^[7]^[8] ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????:

≪???? ??????? ?? ?????.. ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ≫.

??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1877? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ^[9]

?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ≪?????? ??? ???????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 1973 ?????: ≫?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????≫. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ≪?????? ???????≫. ^[10]^[11]

????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ^[12]

????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ^[13]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ^[14]

?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? -??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???- ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????). ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? -??? ???? ??? ?? ??- ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[5]^[15]

???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????. ^[16]^[17]

??? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ^[5]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? -????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????- ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? (??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????) ?? ???? ??? ?????????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? (??? ??????? ??????) ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??. ^[18]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.

????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ^[19]^[20]

??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ≪?????≫ ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ≪???≫ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. ^[18]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Bjorklund? David F? Blasi? Carlos Hernandez? Ellis? Bruce J (26 ?????? 2015). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". ?? David M. Buss (??????). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology . Volume 2. ?. 905. ISBN : 978-1-118-75580-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ???? ???? ???? ( link )
^ Tooby? John (1990). "On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation" . Journal of Personality . ?. 58 ?. 1: 17?67. DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x .
^ Pinker? Steven (2002). "Chapter 19: Children". The blank slate . New York: Penguin Books.
^ West-Eberhard? Mary Jane (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution . Oxford University Press.
^ ^? ^? ^? Blasi? Carlos Hernandez? Bjorklund? David F. (2003). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny" . Human Development . ?. 46 ?. 5: 259?281. DOI : 10.1159/000071935 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-31 .
^ Darwin? Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species . John Murray.
^ Darwin? Charles (1874). "Chapter 1: The Evidence of the Descent of Man from Some Lower Form". The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (?. 2nd). John Murray.
^ Machluf? Karin? Lidde? James R.? Bjorklund? David F. (2014). "An Introduction to Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". Evolutionary Psychology . ?. 12 ?. 2: 147470491401200. DOI : 10.1177/147470491401200201 .
^ Darwin? Charles (1877). "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant" . Mind . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-20.
^ Wilson? Edward O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
^ Cairns? Robert B (2007). "The Making of Developmental Psychology" (PDF) . The Handbook of Developmental Psychology . John Wiley & Sons. DOI : 10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0103 . ISBN : 978-0470147658 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-10-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-24 .
^ Morange? Michel (2011). "Evolutionary developmental biology its roots and characteristics". Developmental Biology . Elsevier. ?. 357 ?. 1: 13?16. DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.013 . PMID : 21447330 .
^ Preyer? Wilhelm (1948) [1882]. "The mind of the child". Readings in the history of psychology . East Norwalk, CT: Century. DOI : 10.1037/11304-030 .
^ Bowlby? John (1969). Attachment and loss . London: Hogarth. ?. Vol 1: Attachment. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ Tooby? John? Cosmides? Leda (1992). "The psychological foundations of culture". ?? Barkow? Jerome H? Cosmides? Leda? Tooby? John (????????). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture . New York: Oxford University Press. ?. 19?139.
^ Price? Michael (9 ?????? 2009). "The nativists are restless" . American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-22 .
^ Kuhl? Patricia K? Meltzoff? Andrew N (1997). "Evolution, nativism, and learning in the development of language and speech". ?? Gopnik? Myrna (??????). The inheritance and innateness of grammars . Oxford University Press. ?. 7 ?44. ISBN : 978-0195115345 .
^ ^? ^? Tooby? John? Cosmides? Leda? Barrett? H. Clark (2003). "The Second Law of Thermodynamics Is the First Law of Psychology: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology and the Theory Of Tandem, Coordinated Inheritances: Comment on Lickliter and Honeycutt" (PDF) . Psychological Bulletin . ?. 129 ?. 6: 858?865. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.858 . PMID : 14599284 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-17 .
^ Lickliter? Robert? Honeycutt? Hunter (2003). "Developmental Dynamics: Toward a Biologically Plausible Evolutionary Psychology" (PDF) . Psychological Bulletin . ?. 129 ?. 6: 819?835. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.819 . PMID : 14599279 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-27 .
^ Lickliter? Robert (2008). "The growth of developmental thought: Implications for a new evolutionary psychology" . New Ideas in Psychology . Elsevier. ?. 26 ?. 3: 353?369. DOI : 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.07.015 . PMC : 2621083 . PMID : 19956346 .

[Bjorklund_et_al._20142-1] Bjorklund? David F? Blasi? Carlos Hernandez? Ellis? Bruce J (26 ?????? 2015). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". ?? David M. Buss (??????). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology . Volume 2. ?. 905. ISBN : 978-1-118-75580-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ???? ???? ???? ( link )

[2] Tooby? John (1990). "On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation" . Journal of Personality . ?. 58 ?. 1: 17?67. DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x .

[3] Pinker? Steven (2002). "Chapter 19: Children". The blank slate . New York: Penguin Books.

[:1-4] West-Eberhard? Mary Jane (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution . Oxford University Press.

[:32-5] ? ^? ^? Blasi? Carlos Hernandez? Bjorklund? David F. (2003). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny" . Human Development . ?. 46 ?. 5: 259?281. DOI : 10.1159/000071935 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-03-31 .

[6] Darwin? Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species . John Murray.

[:02-7] Darwin? Charles (1874). "Chapter 1: The Evidence of the Descent of Man from Some Lower Form". The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (?. 2nd). John Murray.

[:12-8] Machluf? Karin? Lidde? James R.? Bjorklund? David F. (2014). "An Introduction to Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". Evolutionary Psychology . ?. 12 ?. 2: 147470491401200. DOI : 10.1177/147470491401200201 .

[9] Darwin? Charles (1877). "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant" . Mind . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-20.

[10] Wilson? Edward O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[:22-11] Cairns? Robert B (2007). "The Making of Developmental Psychology" (PDF) . The Handbook of Developmental Psychology . John Wiley & Sons. DOI : 10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0103 . ISBN : 978-0470147658 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-10-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-24 .

[12] Morange? Michel (2011). "Evolutionary developmental biology its roots and characteristics". Developmental Biology . Elsevier. ?. 357 ?. 1: 13?16. DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.013 . PMID : 21447330 .

[13] Preyer? Wilhelm (1948) [1882]. "The mind of the child". Readings in the history of psychology . East Norwalk, CT: Century. DOI : 10.1037/11304-030 .

[14] Bowlby? John (1969). Attachment and loss . London: Hogarth. ?. Vol 1: Attachment. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[:42-15] Tooby? John? Cosmides? Leda (1992). "The psychological foundations of culture". ?? Barkow? Jerome H? Cosmides? Leda? Tooby? John (????????). The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture . New York: Oxford University Press. ?. 19?139.

[16] Price? Michael (9 ?????? 2009). "The nativists are restless" . American Psychological Association Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-22 .

[17] Kuhl? Patricia K? Meltzoff? Andrew N (1997). "Evolution, nativism, and learning in the development of language and speech". ?? Gopnik? Myrna (??????). The inheritance and innateness of grammars . Oxford University Press. ?. 7 ?44. ISBN : 978-0195115345 .

[مولد_تلقائيا1-18] ? ^? Tooby? John? Cosmides? Leda? Barrett? H. Clark (2003). "The Second Law of Thermodynamics Is the First Law of Psychology: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology and the Theory Of Tandem, Coordinated Inheritances: Comment on Lickliter and Honeycutt" (PDF) . Psychological Bulletin . ?. 129 ?. 6: 858?865. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.858 . PMID : 14599284 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-17 .

[19] Lickliter? Robert? Honeycutt? Hunter (2003). "Developmental Dynamics: Toward a Biologically Plausible Evolutionary Psychology" (PDF) . Psychological Bulletin . ?. 129 ?. 6: 819?835. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.819 . PMID : 14599279 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-27 .

[20] Lickliter? Robert (2008). "The growth of developmental thought: Implications for a new evolutionary psychology" . New Ideas in Psychology . Elsevier. ?. 26 ?. 3: 353?369. DOI : 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2007.07.015 . PMC : 2621083 . PMID : 19956346 .

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