??? ????????? ?????????

??? ???? ??	??? ????????? ? geoinformation science (en)
??????	geographic information scientist (en)

??? ????????? ????????? (???????????: Geographic information science ?? GISc ?? GIScience ) ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? (GIS) ? ??? ????? ??????.

??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ^[1] ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ^[2] ???????? ?????? ????????? ??: ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? (???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ) ^[3] ^[4] ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? (GISci&T). ^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? Goodchild ??? ≪???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????.≫ ^[6] ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? (GIScientist) ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ???:

??? ????????? ????????? (GIScience) ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????. ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????. ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????.??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ^[7]

?? ??? 2009 ? ??? Goodchild ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ^[8]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Goodchild? Michael F. (27 ????? 2010). "Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010 | Goodchild | Journal of Spatial Information Science" . Journal of Spatial Information Science . ?. 2010 ?. 1: 3?20. DOI : 10.5311/josis.2010.1.2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-18 .
^ Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (23 Nov 2004). Foundations of Geographic Information Science (???????????). CRC Press. ISBN : 9780203009543 . Archived from the original on 2023-03-30.
^ Singleton? Alex? Arribas?Bel? Daniel (2019). "Geographic Data Science". Geographical Analysis . DOI : 10.1111/gean.12194 . ISSN : 0016-7363 .
^ Andrienko? Gennady? Andrienko? Natalia? Weibel? Robert (2017). "Geographic Data Science" (PDF) . IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications . ?. 37 ?. 5: 15?17. DOI : 10.1109/MCG.2017.3621219 . ISSN : 0272-1716 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-07-20.
^ Unwin? Foote? Tate? DiBiase? ???????? (16 ?????? 2011). Teaching Geographic Information Science and Technology in Higher Education . Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI : 10.1002/9781119950592 . ISBN : 978-1-119-95059-2 .
^ Goodchild? Michael (1992). "Geographical information science". International Journal of Geographical Information Systems . ?. 6 ?. 1: 31?45. DOI : 10.1080/02693799208901893 .
^ Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (23 Nov 2004). Foundations of Geographic Information Science (???????????). CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN : 9780203009543 . Archived from the original on 2023-03-30.
^ Goodchild? Michael F. (2009). "Geographic information systems and science: today and tomorrow". Annals of GIS . ?. 15 ?. 1: 3?9. DOI : 10.1080/19475680903250715 . ISSN : 1947-5683 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

[1] Goodchild? Michael F. (27 ????? 2010). "Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010 | Goodchild | Journal of Spatial Information Science" . Journal of Spatial Information Science . ?. 2010 ?. 1: 3?20. DOI : 10.5311/josis.2010.1.2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-18 .

[2] Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (23 Nov 2004). Foundations of Geographic Information Science (???????????). CRC Press. ISBN : 9780203009543 . Archived from the original on 2023-03-30.

[SingletonArribas‐Bel2019-3] Singleton? Alex? Arribas?Bel? Daniel (2019). "Geographic Data Science". Geographical Analysis . DOI : 10.1111/gean.12194 . ISSN : 0016-7363 .

[AndrienkoAndrienko2017-4] Andrienko? Gennady? Andrienko? Natalia? Weibel? Robert (2017). "Geographic Data Science" (PDF) . IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications . ?. 37 ?. 5: 15?17. DOI : 10.1109/MCG.2017.3621219 . ISSN : 0272-1716 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-07-20.

[5] Unwin? Foote? Tate? DiBiase? ???????? (16 ?????? 2011). Teaching Geographic Information Science and Technology in Higher Education . Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI : 10.1002/9781119950592 . ISBN : 978-1-119-95059-2 .

[6] Goodchild? Michael (1992). "Geographical information science". International Journal of Geographical Information Systems . ?. 6 ?. 1: 31?45. DOI : 10.1080/02693799208901893 .

[7] Duckham, Matt; Goodchild, Michael F.; Worboys, Michael (23 Nov 2004). Foundations of Geographic Information Science (???????????). CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN : 9780203009543 . Archived from the original on 2023-03-30.

[8] Goodchild? Michael F. (2009). "Geographic information systems and science: today and tomorrow". Annals of GIS . ?. 15 ?. 1: 3?9. DOI : 10.1080/19475680903250715 . ISSN : 1947-5683 .

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