??????? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. [1] ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. [2]

???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???: [3]

  • ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
  • ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? (????????? ???????)?
  • ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
  • ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????
  • ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????

????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? . ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??.??? F-Bopp ≪???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????≫ ??? 1816. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ≪???????? ?????≫ ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????.Ferdinand de Saussure ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? (??? ????????/ ??? ????????. ???). ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??:

  • ????? ??????? ????????

SYMCHAROMIECET DIACHRONIE *- ????? ??????? LANGUE ETPAROLE *- ?????? ??????????? SYNTAGMATIQUE ET PARADIGMATIQUE *- ???????? ??????? (????? ????????). ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????:

    • ??????? ??????
    • ??????? ????????.
    • ??????? ??????
    • ??????? ???????
    • ??????? ???????
    • ??? ??????? ???????

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 2500 ?.? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? Veda (?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????) ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? Panini ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? (??????? ??????).

????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? Aelius Donatus ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? Priscian ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????.

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ???? William Jones ??? ????????? ??????? ( ??????????? : COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS )? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? (????? ???????) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? frater ?????????? ????? phrater ?????????? ????? bhratar ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? (??) ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? genetic relationships ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? (???? ?????) ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????: ???? ?????? ????? ???????: ???? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.

  • ???? ???? ????????? Algonquian: ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????.
  • ???? ??? ???????: ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????.
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ??????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??: ??????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?

????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????:

  • ???????? ?????? (?????? ?????? ??????) ??????? ????? ???????? (???????? ????????) ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 3000 ?.? ??? ????? ???????? ????? .
  • ???????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? (???????? ????????).
  • ???????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? .
  • ???????? ??????? (?????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? Tigre ??????????? Tigrinya ???????? Gurage.

??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? (??????? ??????? culture free) ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? (?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ? ???.. ???) ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Bynon, Theodora (1977). Historical Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. Historical linguistics.
  2. ^ "Historical linguistics" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-12 . Retrieved 2020-12-21 .
  3. ^ Radford 1999, pp. 17?18