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????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.

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????? ??? ??? John Ray [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????(????????????). ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

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??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (1707-1778 ?) ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????

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??????? kingdom ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? domain

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?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? - ?? ????????? - ????? ?????? 3 ??? ????? ??? 1990 ??? ?????? ??????:

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?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? 1735 ^[5]	???? 1866 ^[6]	????? 1925 ^[7]	??????? 1938 ^[8]	?????? 1969 ^[9]	??? ?????? 1990 ^[10]	???????-???? 1998 ^[11]	???????-???? 2015 ^[12]
???????	3 ?????	????????????	4 ?????	5 ?????	3 ??????	????????????? 6 ?????	????????????? 7 ?????
(?? ????? ??)	????????	??????? ?????	???????	???????	???????	???????	???????
		??????? ?????	???????	???????	?????	???????	?????
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???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????? ??????? (1987)? ???? ??????? ??? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ????? (???????? ???????????)? ??????: ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???????: ??????? ??????????? ?. 510? OCLC : 1158873751 ? QID : Q118929929
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? babelnet.org" . babelnet.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10.
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? psh.techlib.cz" . psh.techlib.cz. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-07.
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-16.
^ Linnaeus? C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species .
^ Haeckel? E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer, Berlin.
^ Chatton? E. (1925). " Pansporella perplexa . Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale . 10-VII: 1?84.
^ Copeland? H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology . ?. 13 ?. 4: 383?420. DOI : 10.1086/394568 . S2CID : 84634277 .
^ Whittaker? R. H. (????? 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science . ?. 163 ?. 3863: 150?60. Bibcode : 1969Sci...163..150W . DOI : 10.1126/science.163.3863.150 . PMID : 5762760 .
^ Woese? C.? Kandler? O.? Wheelis? M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . ?. 87 ?. 12: 4576?9. Bibcode : 1990PNAS...87.4576W . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC : 54159 . PMID : 2112744 .
^ Cavalier-Smith? T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" . Biological Reviews . ?. 73 ?. 3: 203?66. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x . PMID : 9809012 . S2CID : 6557779 .
^ Ruggiero? Michael A.? Gordon? Dennis P.? Orrell? Thomas M.? Bailly? Nicolas? Bourgoin? Thierry? Brusca? Richard C.? Cavalier-Smith? Thomas? Guiry? Michael D.? Kirk? Paul M.? Thuesen? Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms" . PLOS ONE . ?. 10 ?. 4: e0119248. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1019248R . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . PMC : 4418965 . PMID : 25923521 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

[1] ???? ????? ??????? (1987)? ???? ??????? ??? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ????? (???????? ???????????)? ??????: ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???????: ??????? ??????????? ?. 510? OCLC : 1158873751 ? QID : Q118929929

[2] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? babelnet.org" . babelnet.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10.

[3] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? psh.techlib.cz" . psh.techlib.cz. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-07.

[4] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-16.

[Linnaeus1735-5] Linnaeus? C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species .

[Haeckel-6] Haeckel? E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer, Berlin.

[Chatton1925-7] Chatton? E. (1925). " Pansporella perplexa . Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale . 10-VII: 1?84.

[Copeland1938-8] Copeland? H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology . ?. 13 ?. 4: 383?420. DOI : 10.1086/394568 . S2CID : 84634277 .

[Whittaker1969-9] Whittaker? R. H. (????? 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science . ?. 163 ?. 3863: 150?60. Bibcode : 1969Sci...163..150W . DOI : 10.1126/science.163.3863.150 . PMID : 5762760 .

[Woese1990-10] Woese? C.? Kandler? O.? Wheelis? M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . ?. 87 ?. 12: 4576?9. Bibcode : 1990PNAS...87.4576W . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC : 54159 . PMID : 2112744 .

[CavalierSmith2004-11] Cavalier-Smith? T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" . Biological Reviews . ?. 73 ?. 3: 203?66. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x . PMID : 9809012 . S2CID : 6557779 .

[12] Ruggiero? Michael A.? Gordon? Dennis P.? Orrell? Thomas M.? Bailly? Nicolas? Bourgoin? Thierry? Brusca? Richard C.? Cavalier-Smith? Thomas? Guiry? Michael D.? Kirk? Paul M.? Thuesen? Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms" . PLOS ONE . ?. 10 ?. 4: e0119248. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1019248R . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . PMC : 4418965 . PMID : 25923521 .

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???????	???????? ?????? ???????? ????? 200 ?.? ?????? ?????? ????? 60? ??????? ??? ????????? 1530 ????????? ??? 1539 ????? ???????? 1561-1563 ??????? ??????? 1583 ???????? ??????? 1538 ?? ???????? 1583 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[??????????]1620 ?????? ^[??????????] 1623 ????? ???????? 1682?1704 ??? ????? ?????? 1682 ??? ?????? ^[?????????] 1694 ???? ??????? 1735 ??????? ??????? 1751 ????? ???????? (????) 1753 ????? ?????? 1675 ????? ????? 1727 ?????? ???????? ^[?????????] 1763-4 ????? ??? ?????? ^[?????????] 1779 1790* ?????? ???????? ^[?????????] ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? 1802 ????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1804 ??????? ?? ????? ?????? 1812 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ^[??????????] 1824-1841 ????? ???????? ^[??????????] 1862 ???? ????? 1872 ????? ?????? ^[??????????] 1895 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? 1898 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ^[?????????] 1981
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?????? ?????	???????? ????? 371 ? ????? 287 ?.? ??????? ?????? 23?79? ?????????? ????? 40-90 ???? ???????? ^[??????????] 1464-1534 ????????? ??? 1498-1554 ???????? ?????? ^[??????????] 1515-1544 ?????? ????? ^[??????????] 1515-1568 ?????? ??????? 1517-1585 ??????? ????????? 1519-1603 ?????? ????? 1560?1624 ?????? ???? 1587?1657 ??? ?? 1623?1705 ????? ??? ^[??????????] 1628?1711 ???????? ?????? 1628?1694 ????? ????? ?? ??????? 1656?1708 ????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1665?1721 ????? ????? 1677?1761 ????? ?? ????? 1699?1777 ????? ??????? 1727?1806 ??????? ?????? 1707?1778 ??? ?????????? 1730?1799 ????? ????? 1743?1820 ????? ???????? ??? ???? 1749?1832 ???? ?????? ???????? 1765?1812 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 1767?1845 ??????? ??? ??????? 1769?1859 ???? ??? ??????? 1773?1858 ?????? ?????? ??? ^[??????????] 1789?1852 ????? ???? (???? ??????) 1817?1911 ???????? ??????? 1841?1924 ??????? ????? ^[??????????] 1856?1901 ?????? ?????? 1804?1881 ??????? ????? 1805?1877 ??? ???? 1810?1888 ????? ??????? 1814?1879 ?????? ???? 1822?1884 ???????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1823?1894 ????? ????????? ^[??????????] 1824?1877 ?????? ??? ???? 1832?1897 ????? ?????? ????? 1844?1919 ??????? ??????? 1887?1943 ?????? ??????? 1902-1992 ???? ??????? ??????? 1906-2000 ????? ???? ^[??????????] 1913?2002 ???? ????????? 1919?1992
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