??? ??????? ??????? ????????

?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ≪ ??????? ????? ?????? ≫. ^[1]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1968? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? (Towards a more Biologically Oriented Political Science)? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (Midwest Journal of Political Science). ^[2] ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1970. ^[2]

?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1981 ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? (PLS) ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? . ^[3]

????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ^[4] ???? ??????? ^[5] ??????? ??????? . ^[6]

????????? [ ??? ]

????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????: ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ^[7] ?????????????? ????????? ^[8] (??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????)? ???????? ???????? ^[9] ??????. ^[10] ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ^[11] ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . ^[12]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Blank, Robert H., and Samuel M. Hines. 2001. Biology and Political Science . New York: Routledge; Somit, A., and S. A. Peterson. 1998. "Review article: Biopolitics after three decades - A balance sheet." British Journal of Political Science 28:559-71; Masters, Roger D. 1989. The Nature of Politics . New Haven: Yale University Press.
^ ^? ^? Mary Maxwell (1991). The Sociobiological Imagination . SUNY Press. ?. 142. ISBN : 978-0-7914-0768-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.
^ "Association for Politics and the Life Sciences" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-28.
^ Sidanius, Jim, and Robert Kurzban. 2003. "Evolutionary Approaches to Political Psychology." In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology , ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddie and R. Jervis. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Alford, J. R., C. L. Funk, and J. R. Hibbing. 2005. "Are political orientations genetically transmitted?" American Political Science Review 99 (2):153-67; Hatemi, Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Hermine Maes, Judy Silberg, Sarah E. Medland, Nicholas Martin, and Lyndon Eaves. 2009. "Genetic Influences on Political Attitudes over the Life Course." Journal of Politics 71 (3):1141-56.
^ Schreiber, Darren. 2011. “From SCAN to Neuropolitics. In Man is By Nature a Political Animal , edited by P. K. Hatemi and R. McDermott. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
^ Petersen, Michael Bang. 2009. “Public Opinion and Evolved Heuristics: The Role of Category-Based Inference.” Journal of Cognition and Culture. 9:367-389
^ Charney, Evan. 2008. “Genes and Ideologies.” Perspectives on Politics 6 (2):299-319; Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes.” Perspectives on Politics 6 (2):321-8; Hannagan, Rebecca J., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2008. “The Threat of Genes: A Comment on Evan Charney's 'Genes and Ideologies.'”
^ Fowler, James H. and Christopher T. Dawes. (2008). "Two Genes Predict Voter Turnout." Journal of Politics 70 (3): 579?594.
^ Thayer, Bradley A. 2004. Darwin and International Relations : On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky; Rosen, Stephen Peter. 2005. War and Human Nature . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization . New York: Oxford University Press; Lopez, Anthony C. 2010. "Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and War" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-17. H-Diplo ISSF Roundtable on "Biology and Security"
^ Bell, D. 2006. "Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of international relations theory." International Affairs 82(3)
^ Fowler, J. H., and D. Schreiber. 2008. "Biology, Politics, and the Emerging Science of Human Nature." Science 322 (5903):912-4; Political Psychology, Special Issue on “Neurobiological Approaches to Political Behavior” (Forthcoming).

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

Robert Blank (2001). Biology and Political Science . Psychology Press. ISBN : 978-0-415-20436-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13.
Peter K. Hatemi? Rose McDermott (2011). Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics . University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-31911-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.
Steven A. Peterson? Albert Somit (2011). Biology and Politics: The Cutting Edge . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN : 978-0-85724-579-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.

????? ???????

[1] Blank, Robert H., and Samuel M. Hines. 2001. Biology and Political Science . New York: Routledge; Somit, A., and S. A. Peterson. 1998. "Review article: Biopolitics after three decades - A balance sheet." British Journal of Political Science 28:559-71; Masters, Roger D. 1989. The Nature of Politics . New Haven: Yale University Press.

[Maxwell1991-2] ? ^? Mary Maxwell (1991). The Sociobiological Imagination . SUNY Press. ?. 142. ISBN : 978-0-7914-0768-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.

[3] "Association for Politics and the Life Sciences" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-28.

[4] Sidanius, Jim, and Robert Kurzban. 2003. "Evolutionary Approaches to Political Psychology." In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology , ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddie and R. Jervis. New York: Oxford University Press.

[5] Alford, J. R., C. L. Funk, and J. R. Hibbing. 2005. "Are political orientations genetically transmitted?" American Political Science Review 99 (2):153-67; Hatemi, Peter K., Carolyn L. Funk, Hermine Maes, Judy Silberg, Sarah E. Medland, Nicholas Martin, and Lyndon Eaves. 2009. "Genetic Influences on Political Attitudes over the Life Course." Journal of Politics 71 (3):1141-56.

[6] Schreiber, Darren. 2011. “From SCAN to Neuropolitics. In Man is By Nature a Political Animal , edited by P. K. Hatemi and R. McDermott. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[7] Petersen, Michael Bang. 2009. “Public Opinion and Evolved Heuristics: The Role of Category-Based Inference.” Journal of Cognition and Culture. 9:367-389

[8] Charney, Evan. 2008. “Genes and Ideologies.” Perspectives on Politics 6 (2):299-319; Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes.” Perspectives on Politics 6 (2):321-8; Hannagan, Rebecca J., and Peter K. Hatemi. 2008. “The Threat of Genes: A Comment on Evan Charney's 'Genes and Ideologies.'”

[9] Fowler, James H. and Christopher T. Dawes. (2008). "Two Genes Predict Voter Turnout." Journal of Politics 70 (3): 579?594.

[10] Thayer, Bradley A. 2004. Darwin and International Relations : On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky; Rosen, Stephen Peter. 2005. War and Human Nature . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; Gat, Azar. 2006. War in Human Civilization . New York: Oxford University Press; Lopez, Anthony C. 2010. "Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and War" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-17. H-Diplo ISSF Roundtable on "Biology and Security"

[11] Bell, D. 2006. "Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of international relations theory." International Affairs 82(3)

[12] Fowler, J. H., and D. Schreiber. 2008. "Biology, Politics, and the Emerging Science of Human Nature." Science 322 (5903):912-4; Political Psychology, Special Issue on “Neurobiological Approaches to Political Behavior” (Forthcoming).

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