???? ????? ???????

???? ????? ???????
???? ????? ?????
	?? ?????? ; 28 ????? 1920 ? 21 ????? 1920
	???? ??????? ???? ??????
??????? ?????
???????	1870 ; ??? ? ????? ?????????
??????	21 ????? 1920 ; ???? ????? ? ?????
???????	???? ???
?????? ???????
??????	?????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? (1286??/1870? ? 21 ????? 1920 ?)? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1920. ^[2]^[3]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1870 ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. ^[4] ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? (??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? )? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ^[2] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? . ^[5]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? . ^[2]

??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 1920 ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? 1920 ?????? ????? ????? ????. ^[4]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 25 ????? (????) ??? 1920 ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ^[6]

??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? (??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? )? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[7]

???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ^[8]? ?? ????? ??? 28 ????? (????) 1920 ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 21 ????? (??) 1920 . ^[6]

???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????:

???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????... ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ^[7]...

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ??? ?????? ??????.
????? ???? ?????? .
????? ??? ???? ??????? .
????? ???? ?????? .
????? ???? ???? ?????.
????? ???? ?????? ?????.
????? ???? ??????. ^[1]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? (?? ??? ???????? 27 ????? (????) 1920 ) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? 10 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? (????????) ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? 10 ???? ??????. ^[6]

???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ^[9]

???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??. ^[10]

???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????)? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???.

??????: ????? ????? ??????

??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? . ^[10]

????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ≪??? ????? ??????≫? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? .

??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ^[10]

????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ≪???≫ ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ^[2]

?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?) ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????: ^[11]

????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????:

??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.

?????- ?? 21 ?? 1920 ??????? ????

???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?? 2 ????? 1920 ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ^[10]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???: ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ^[4]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ????? ????? ???????: ??????:???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ?? ???????: ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-01-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Syrian History - Ala al-Din Pasha Droubi, president of the first Syrian Shura Council - 1918" . https.syrianhistory.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-02-13 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ???? ???????: ?????? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2016-10-12 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Sami Moubayed, Steel and Silk, Men and Women, Who Shaped Syria, 1900-2000, Seattle, 2002, pp. 223-224.
^ ^? ^? ^? ??? ????? ????????: ?? ???? ????? ??????: ????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2015-04-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ ^? ^? ????? ???? : ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? 2004
^ ????? ???? ???? ???????? 27 ?????
^ ????? ?????: ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-10 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? : ≪21 / ?? / 1920?≫.. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-06 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ??????: ????? ??????? ??? 30 ?? 1920?.

[alraai-1] ? ^? ????? ????? ???????: ??????:???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[droubi-2] ? ^? ^? ^? ???? ?? ???????: ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-01-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] "Syrian History - Ala al-Din Pasha Droubi, president of the first Syrian Shura Council - 1918" . https.syrianhistory.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-02-13 .

[aladalamag-4] ? ^? ^? ???? ???????: ?????? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2016-10-12 ?? Wayback Machine

[5] Sami Moubayed, Steel and Silk, Men and Women, Who Shaped Syria, 1900-2000, Seattle, 2002, pp. 223-224.

[odabasham-6] ? ^? ^? ??? ????? ????????: ?? ???? ????? ??????: ????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 2015-04-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[Colette-7] ? ^? ????? ???? : ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? 2004

[8] ????? ???? ???? ???????? 27 ?????

[discover-9] ????? ?????: ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-10 ?? Wayback Machine

[addustour-10] ? ^? ^? ^? ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? : ≪21 / ?? / 1920?≫.. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-06 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[11] ??????: ????? ??????? ??? 30 ?? 1920?.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

???? ??????

? ? ? ????? ????? ????? ( ????? )
??????? ??????? ??????? (1920)	??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? * ? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????
???????? ??????? ??? ????? (1946-1920)	???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1932 ? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? 1939-1941 ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????
????????? ??????? (1958-1946)	????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? * ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????? (1961-1958)	????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????? (1961-??? ????)	????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ^(????) ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????
* ????????

? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????? ???????	???? ??? ?????? ^{(???? - ???? 1920)} ??? ?????? ???????? ^{(???? - ???? 1920)} ???? ????? ??????? ^{(???? - ?? 1920)}
???????? ??????? ??? ?????	???? ^{(????? 1920 - ????? ????? 1936)} ??? ???? ??????? ^{(????? ????? 1936 - ???? 1939)} ???? ?????? ^{(???? - ????? 1939)} ???? ????? ^{(????? - ???? 1939)} ???? ^{(???? 1939 - ????? 1941)} ???? ?????? ^{(????? 1941 - ???? 1943)} ???? ?????? ^{(???? - ?? 1943)} ???? ???? ?? ^{(?? 1943 - ?? 1945)} ??????? ????? ^{(?? - ????? 1945)} ??? ???? ??????? ^{(????? 1945 - ????? 1946)}
??? ?????????	??? ???? ??????? ^{(????? - ????? ????? 1946)} ???? ?????? ^{(????? ????? 1946 - ????? ????? 1947)} ???? ???? ?? ^{(????? ????? 1947 - ?? 1948)} ???? ??????? ^{(?? - ????? ????? 1948)} ???? ????? ^{(????? ????? 1948 - ???? 1949)} ???? ?????? ^{(????? - ?????? 1949)} ???? ??????? ^{(?????? - ?? 1949)} ???? ?????? ^{(?? - ????? ????? 1949)} ???? ????? ^{(????? ????? 1949 - ?????? 1950)} ???? ?????? ^{(?????? 1950 - ????? ?????? 1951)} ???? ??????? ^{(?????? 1952 - ???? 1953)} ???? ???? ?? ^{(???? 1953 - ???? 1954)} ???? ??????? ^{(???? - ?????? 1954)} ??? ???? ^{(?????? - ????? ?????? 1954)} ???? ??????? ^{(????? ????? 1954 - ???? 1955)} ???? ????? ^{(???? - ????? 1955)} ???? ????? ^{(????? 1955 - ?????? 1956)} ???? ??????? ^{(?????? 1956 - ???? 1958)}
????????? ??????? ???????	????? ???? ^{(???? 1958 - ????? 1961)}
????????? ??????? ???????	????? ??????? ^{(????? - ????? ?????? 1961)} ??? ???? ^{(????? ?????? - ????? ????? 1961)} ????? ????????? ^{(????? ????? 1961 - ???? 1962)} ????? ??????? ^{(????? - ????? 1962)} ???? ????? ^{(????? 1962 - ???? 1963)} ???? ??????? ^{(???? - ????? ?????? 1963)} ???? ????? ^{(????? ?????? 1963 - ???? 1964)} ??? ?????? ????????? ^{(???? 1964 - ????? 1965)} ??????? ????? ^{(????? 1965 - ????? ????? 1966)} ???? ??????? ^{(????? ?????? - ???? 1966)} ??????? ????? ^{(???? 1966 - ????? ????? 1968)} ????? ????? ^{(????? ????? 1968 - ????? ?????? 1970)} ??? ?????? ???? ^{(????? ?????? 1970 - ???? 1984)} ????? ????? ^{(???? 1984 - ???? 2006)} ???? ?????? ^{(???? 2006 - ?????? 2020)} ???? ??????? ^{(??? ?????? 2020)}