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???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ≪????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????≫ ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ≪?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????≫. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? (???????) ?????? ?????? (??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????). ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ≪????????? ???????? ?????????≫ ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
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????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ' ?????? ?????? ????'.
????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
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≪????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ?? ???????.
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[33]
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??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???:
≪?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????...
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?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.
[33]
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[34]
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??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????.
????? ??????? (1632-1677)
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??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? (??????? ??????) ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
[35]
??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
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- ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????.
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- ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????
??????? ?????? (1646-1716)
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- ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????
- ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???.
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? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????.
????? ??????
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????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Contingent truths) ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??.
? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (???? ????? ???????). ???? ??? ???? ?? ≪???? ??? ??????≫ ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? (? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????).
?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????.
?????
[
???
]
- ^
"Rationalism"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2015-05-18.
- ^
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A Dictionary of Philosophy
, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. 2nd edition, 1986. 3rd edition, Routledge, London, UK, 1996. p. 286
- ^
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- ^
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Rationalism vs. Empiricism
First published August 19, 2004; substantive revision March 31, 2013 cited on May 20, 2013.
???? ??????
9 ????? 2019 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
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- ^
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- ^
*
????? ????????
: "Descartes is rightly regarded as the father of modern philosophy primarily and generally because he helped the faculty of reason to stand on its own feet by teaching men to use their brains in place whereof the Bible, on the one hand, and Aristotle, on the other, had previously served." (
Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real
) [original in German]
- ??????? ??? ????
: "The great thinker from whom the basic ideas of what we shall call constructivist rationalism received their most complete expression was Rene Descartes. [...] Although Descartes' immediate concern was to establish criteria for the truth of propositions, these were inevitably also applied by his followers to judge the appropriateness and justification of actions." (
Law, Legislation and Liberty
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- ^
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- ^
???????? ????
:
????? ??????? ???????
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- ^
?
?
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?????? ???????
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???? ??????
13 ?????? 2018 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
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, May 2006, vol. 43 (no. 5?6), pp. 863?78
Retrieved 2013-01-13.
???? ??????
1 ????? 2012 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
FactCheck.org Mission Statement
, January 2020
Retrieved 2020-01-01.
???? ??????
2 ?????? 2019 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Cottingham, John. 1984. Rationalism. Paladi/Granada
- ^
?
?
?
???? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, 1968.
- ^
Notes on Descartes' Method of Inquiry, Method of Doubt
?
David Turner
???? ??????
20 ???? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
Wikisource
Ethics, Spinoza
"???? ??????"
. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-07
. ???? ???? ??????
2019-05-28
.
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07 ?????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
PHIL 252: History of Modern Philosophy
? University of Montana, Soazig Le Bihan, Chapter 6
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???? ??????
04 ???? 2016 ??? ????
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