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?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . [2] ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. [3]

???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. [2] ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? .

???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. [2] [3] ????? ??? ??????? ≪????? ???? ??????≫ ?? ≪????? ???? ???????≫? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. [3]

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?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? (?? ????? ??? ?? ?????) ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????? ???? ?? ?????) ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? . [3]

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???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? (?? ??? ??) ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? . ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? I. ?? ????? ???????????? I ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? II. ????? ?????????? II ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????. [4] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. [3]

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??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????. [4] ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????.

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??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? 50 ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. [5] ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. [6] [7] [8] ?? ??? 2009? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ?? ???) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. [9] ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? (2.0 ???/??? ?????? ?2.5 ???/??? ??????) ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. [9] [10]

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  8. ^ Volkert? D? Kreuel? K? Stehle? P (2005). "Fluid intake of community-living, independent elderly in Germany - a nationwide, representative study". The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging . ?. 9 ?. 5: 305?9. PMID : 16222395 .
  9. ^ ? ? "EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA)". EFSA Journal 2010;8(3):1459.
  10. ^ IoM (Institute of Medicine), 2004. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.