??? ?????????

??????? ????
???????	??? ???? ; ??? ?????
???? ???	?? ; ????? ????

??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫ (Ophiuchus) ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? (Sidereal astrology) ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????.

???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ^[6]^[7]^[8]

?????? ?? ??? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? (caduceus) ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ??????? ????? ?????????? (DOI): 10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016 .
^ "Asklepios' reptile was a healing creature: in ancient mythology the snake, whose skin was shed and rejuvenated, symbolized eternity and restoration of life and health" Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics , Harvard University Press, 1990, p122; this interpretation was current in Antiquity, as can be seen in an account of Apollodorus: "your marvel at the serpent curling around him and say that it is the symbol of the healing art, because just as the serpent sloughs the skin of old age, so the medical art releases from illness." (in E. Edelstein and L. Edelstein (eds.), Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies , Baltimore, 1945, p12)
^ "[...] the ancient conception of the serpent as the embodiment of the mystery of one absolute life of the earth, which entails a continual dying and resurrection [...] the combination of corruption and salvation, of darkness and light, of good and evil in the Asklepian symbol." Jan Schouten, The Rod and Serpent of Asklepios , Symbol of Medicine, 1967, p2
^ Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics , Harvard University Press, 1990, p122-123
^ James A. Kelhoffer, Miracle and Mission , Mohr Siebeck, 2000, p438-439 "[...] it was known, at least by some people in antiquity, that a snake's venom is not harmful if imbibed, but rather only if it enters directly into a person's blood stream. For example, the first-century CE historian Lucan writes that the younger Cato, when leading his troops through Libya during the Roman Civil War, informed his men about this very point [...] 'The poison of snakes is only deadly when mixed with the blood; their venom is in their bite, and they threaten death with their fangs. There is no death in the cup.'" He also mentions an account of Cornelius Celsus (first century CE) "'For a serpent's poison, like certain hunter's poisons..., does no harm when swallowed, but only in a wound'". "Likewise, Galen relates a rather peculiar healing by Asclepius involving viper's venom. The god appeared to a wealthy man in Pergamum and prescribed 'that he should drink every day of the drug produced from the vipers and should anoint the body from the outside.' [...] The elder Philostratus describes a similar practice of 'the wise Asclepiads,' who 'heal the bites of venomous creatures... using the virus itself as a cure of many diseases.'"
^ See for example Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.26.1?28.1 (here translated by Jones) 2nd A.D.: "The image of Asklepios is, in size, half as big as Zeus Olympios at Athens, and is made of ivory and gold. An inscription tells us that the artist was Thrasymedes, a Parian, son of Arignotos. The god is sitting on a seat grasping a staff; the other hand he is holding above the head of the serpent."
^ Sigerist. Chapter 3, Religious medicine: Asclepius and his cult , p. 63ff.
^ Farnell, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp. 234?279)

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ?????????

????? ?????? ?????? ≪??? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????≫. ?????? ???? ??????? (???????????)

[6332c30f419e688b442dbd2cbb56064300a9a21a-1] ? ^? ??????? ????? ?????????? (DOI): 10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016 .

[2] "Asklepios' reptile was a healing creature: in ancient mythology the snake, whose skin was shed and rejuvenated, symbolized eternity and restoration of life and health" Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics , Harvard University Press, 1990, p122; this interpretation was current in Antiquity, as can be seen in an account of Apollodorus: "your marvel at the serpent curling around him and say that it is the symbol of the healing art, because just as the serpent sloughs the skin of old age, so the medical art releases from illness." (in E. Edelstein and L. Edelstein (eds.), Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies , Baltimore, 1945, p12)

[3] "[...] the ancient conception of the serpent as the embodiment of the mystery of one absolute life of the earth, which entails a continual dying and resurrection [...] the combination of corruption and salvation, of darkness and light, of good and evil in the Asklepian symbol." Jan Schouten, The Rod and Serpent of Asklepios , Symbol of Medicine, 1967, p2

[4] Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics , Harvard University Press, 1990, p122-123

[5] James A. Kelhoffer, Miracle and Mission , Mohr Siebeck, 2000, p438-439 "[...] it was known, at least by some people in antiquity, that a snake's venom is not harmful if imbibed, but rather only if it enters directly into a person's blood stream. For example, the first-century CE historian Lucan writes that the younger Cato, when leading his troops through Libya during the Roman Civil War, informed his men about this very point [...] 'The poison of snakes is only deadly when mixed with the blood; their venom is in their bite, and they threaten death with their fangs. There is no death in the cup.'" He also mentions an account of Cornelius Celsus (first century CE) "'For a serpent's poison, like certain hunter's poisons..., does no harm when swallowed, but only in a wound'". "Likewise, Galen relates a rather peculiar healing by Asclepius involving viper's venom. The god appeared to a wealthy man in Pergamum and prescribed 'that he should drink every day of the drug produced from the vipers and should anoint the body from the outside.' [...] The elder Philostratus describes a similar practice of 'the wise Asclepiads,' who 'heal the bites of venomous creatures... using the virus itself as a cure of many diseases.'"

[6] See for example Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.26.1?28.1 (here translated by Jones) 2nd A.D.: "The image of Asklepios is, in size, half as big as Zeus Olympios at Athens, and is made of ivory and gold. An inscription tells us that the artist was Thrasymedes, a Parian, son of Arignotos. The god is sitting on a seat grasping a staff; the other hand he is holding above the head of the serpent."

[7] Sigerist. Chapter 3, Religious medicine: Asclepius and his cult , p. 63ff.

[farnell-8] Farnell, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp. 234?279)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

? ? ? ??????? ?? ????????
??????? ??? ????????	???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? (????? ?????) ???????? ??? ????? ??? (??????) ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? (??????) ???? (??????) ???? (??????) ????????? (??????) ??????? (??????) ??? ?? (??????) ???????? ????? (??????) ?????? (??????) ???? (??????) ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????
???? ??????	??????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? (??????) ????????? (??????) ???? (???) ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? (??????) ???????? (??????) ???????? (??????) ???? (??????) ???????????? ???? ??? (??????)
???? ?????? ????????	??? ???? ??? ?????????
?????? ??? ?????	?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? (??????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? (??????) ????? ????????? ???????? ???????