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1885?
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[13]
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?
1887
? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
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[14]
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1900
?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???
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?? 18
?????
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1900
[15]
????? ????? ?? ???
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? ??
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????? ?????
1908
? ??? ?????? ??? ???
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1923
? ?? ?????
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??
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?? ???
1924?
???? ????? ????? ??????? ???
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????? ????? ????.
?????
[
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???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? 17
??????
/
????? ?????
1927
? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????.
[14]
??? 30
?????
/
??
1963?
???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????
???? ??????
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??????? ????
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[14]
?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
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[16]
?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.
??????? ????????
[
???
]
- ???? ???????: ???? ???????
- ??? ?????: ?????? ?????
- ?????? ???? ???????: ???? ???????
- ??????? ??? ??????: ??? ?????
- ?? ????? ??? ???????: ???? ??????
- ???? (????? ??????? ??????: ???? ????
???????
[
???
]
- ^
???? ???? ??????? ??????:???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? (2004).
- ^
?
?
?
Winston S. Churchill;The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan Icon Group International, Incorporated,2008
- ^
??? ???? ????: ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? 282
- ^
F.R. Wingate, "The True Story of Osman Dinga", The Graphic, June 16, 1923
- ^
???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? (2007?).
?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????
. ??????? ??? ???????: ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.
- ^
???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????: (F.R. (Wingate, "The True Story of Osman Dinga", The Graphic, June 16, 1923
- ^
?
?
?
?
https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104841/http://www.alquds.co.uk/pdfarchives/2009/02/02-19/qma.pdf
. ????? ??
?????
(PDF)
?? 2017-12-11.
- ^
?????? ?????:????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????(2006)
- ^
?????? ?????:????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????(2006)
- ^
Ronald M. Lamothe, Slaves of Fortune: Sudanese Soldiers & the River War, 1896-1898, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2011, p.147f.
- ^
????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? | ????? ???????
???? ??????
11 ?????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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?? ???? ????? ??????: ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? 6131 ?????? 20 ???? (??????) 24 ??? 1430?
- ^
?????? ????? (?????? ????? ???? )
- ^
?
?
?
????? ??????:????? ??????? ? ????? 6131 ?????? 20 ???? (??????) 24 ??? 1430?? .
- ^
??????? ????:??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 2
- ^
"New community features for Google Chat and an update on Currents"
(???????????). Archived from
the original
on 2020-03-27
. Retrieved
2023-09-17
.
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