????

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	????? ; ???? ; ?????
??? ??	???????
???? ??? ?? ?????	bullet jacket (en)

?????? ( ????? : ????????) ?? ?????? ??????? ????? (???? ??? ??? ?????? )? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ( ??????? ) ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????. ^[1]

?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? 20 °C ???? ???? ??????? 343 m/s ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ^[2]

????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? : ?? ?? ???? ≪???????≫ ??? ??? ???????. ^[3]
????? ?? (???????) : ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Shotgun )? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? mm .

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary (?. 5th). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated. 1994. ISBN : 0-87779-911-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.
^ "Important Dates in Gun History" . armscollectors.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 .
^ "Rifling: Expanding Bullets and the Minie Rifle" . firearmshistory.blogspot.com . Firearms History, Technology & Development. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????

??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] Merriam-Webster Dictionary (?. 5th). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated. 1994. ISBN : 0-87779-911-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.

[2] "Important Dates in Gun History" . armscollectors.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 .

[3] "Rifling: Expanding Bullets and the Minie Rifle" . firearmshistory.blogspot.com . Firearms History, Technology & Development. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-29 .

[1]

[2]

[3]