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???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????.

????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 1913 ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ??? 1928 ?1958 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??.

????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? .. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????.

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??? ?????? ???????: ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? (UV) ???? ?????? ????? . ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? UV-A ?UV-B ?UV-C ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? 35 ???????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? UV-B ???????? (???? ??? ??? ?????? ????); ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? . ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? UV-B ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? UV-A ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????.

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?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? (action spectrum)? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (DNA). ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (DNA) ???????? ????? ?? 290 ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??????? ????? 10%, ???? ??????? ????? 22% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????.

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??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????-?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????????.

???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????????.

???? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (???? - ?????) ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (?????? - ??????) ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? .

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?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? (OH), ??? ?????? (Cl) ???? ???????? (Br). ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? (chlorofluorocarbon) ????? ???? ???????? ???? (CFCs) ?????? ???????????????.

??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? .. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 100,000 ??? ????? . ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 4% ?? ???. ??????? ???? ?? 5% ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? (??? ???? ?????) ?? ?????; ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? .

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?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (??? ???????? ???????) ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????????? (CFC) ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 23 ????? ? 1978 . ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? . ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1985 . ??? ??????? ??????? ????? (???????? ????????)? ?? ??? ????? ??????????????? (CFC) ???? ???? ?????? ?? 1987 ????? ???? ?? ??? 1996 .

?? 2 ????? 2003 , ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????????????? (CFC).

???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? (American Geophysical Union). ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? (CFC) ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 50 ??? ???? ?? 100 ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????.

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? (C-H) ???? ????? ???????? ????????????????? (CFC) ??? ????????????????????? (HCFC)? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Newman, Paul? Morris, Gary. "Ch. 6.3 THE BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION". ?? Todaro, Richard M. (??????). Stratospheric Ozone ? an Electronic Textbook . NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-25.
^ Ungar? Sheldon (2000). "Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole" . Public Understanding of Science . ?. 9 ?. 3: 297?312. DOI : 10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/306 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-14 .
^ "NOAA Study Shows Nitrous Oxide Now Top Ozone-Depleting Emission" . NOAA. 27 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-08 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????????????: ???? ???????? (???????)
????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 2000 (???????)
[????: ??????? ??????? http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm ]. (???????). ?? ????????? ?? 29 ????? 2007

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ???????

[1] Newman, Paul? Morris, Gary. "Ch. 6.3 THE BREWER-DOBSON CIRCULATION". ?? Todaro, Richard M. (??????). Stratospheric Ozone ? an Electronic Textbook . NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-25.

[2] Ungar? Sheldon (2000). "Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole" . Public Understanding of Science . ?. 9 ?. 3: 297?312. DOI : 10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/306 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-14 .

[3] "NOAA Study Shows Nitrous Oxide Now Top Ozone-Depleting Emission" . NOAA. 27 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-08 .

[1]

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