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[2]
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[3]
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? wu wei (????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????)? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????:
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.
[4]
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??????
?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? (????? 400 - 337 ??? ???????) ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??. ?????? ???? ≪
??? ?? ?????
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????? ??
???????.
[5]
?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????
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(206 ?.?. - 220 ?) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? (??????? ??????). ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???
????? ??
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???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???: ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? - ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????????. ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???.
[6]
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)? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
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(PRC) ???? ??
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(ROC)? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ???
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????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ≪???≫ ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? dow. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? tie? ???? ≪??? ????≫ ???? ??? ≪???? ??? ???? ??????≫? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
[7]
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- ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ≪?????? ???≫? ????? ???? ???? ? ≪??? ????≫ ????? ?? ?????? ≪??????≫ ?? ≪????????≫ ???????. ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
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.
[11]
???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??
??? ?? ??????
??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????.
[12]
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[13]
[14]
?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???
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[15]
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??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ≪???????≫ ?? ≪????????≫. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? -??? ?? ????? Tao Te Ching- ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.
[16]
????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? (?? ??? ??????? ???????? -
??? ?????
???????? ?????)? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? (????? ?????? - ????? ?????? ??? ???????).;
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????:
[21]
- ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
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- ??? ??????? ???????
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?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? wu (???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????) ????????? fangshi (???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ≪???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? "??? ???" ???? ??? ?????? ????)? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????≫? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ≪
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≫ ?? ≪
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≫ ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????.
[18]
??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? Tianshi (??????? ?????????)? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? Zhengyi? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? 142. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 215? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????.
[22]
?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? Shangqing ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? (618-907)? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???
???? ?????????
?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? 364 ?370.
[23]
??? "?? ??????" ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 397 ?402 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? Lingbao? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? (960-1279). ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? -??????? ???????- ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????.
[24]
????? ????? "???? ??? Quanzhen" ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1222 ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.
[25]
?? ????? ?????
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?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (1368-1644).
[26]
??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? (1644?1912)? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????.
[27]
?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??
????
).
[28]
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[29]
???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.
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???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (xian) ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
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[31]
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[32]
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[33]
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[34]
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[35]
?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.
[34]
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????
???? ??? ??????
(?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???). ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???.
[36]
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[37]
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[38]
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[39]
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[40]
???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????
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? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????. ?????
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[41]
???? ????
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?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? "?? ?? ??" ?"??? ????" ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????.
???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? (???)? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????.
[42]
?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.
??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? (???????? ???????) ????????????.
[43]
??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????
?????
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????.
[44]
??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? "?? ?? ??" ?"?? ????". ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???
????? ???????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???
????? ???????
? ???????? ?????? (2002)? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ???? "?. ?????? ????????" ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? "??? ??????" ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ??
??????
???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??
?????????????
.
[45]
???? ?????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
"Chinese Religions, Beliefs: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism"
.
www.travelchinaguide.com
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-07-12
. ???? ???? ??????
2021-08-07
.
- ^
???? ????????
?
???? ????????
(2008).
?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ????
(???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????:
??? ????? ????????
. ?. 1203.
ISBN
:
978-9953-63-541-5
.
OCLC
:
405515532
.
OL
:
50197876M
.
QID
:
Q112315598
.
- ^
Creel, What Is Taoism?, 2
- ^
Woodhead, Partridge, & Kawanmi? Linda, Christopher, & Hiroko (2016).
Religions in the Modern World
. New York: Routledge. ?.
146
.
ISBN
:
978-0-415-85880-9
.
{{
??????? ?????
}}
: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? (
link
)
- ^
Creel 1970, p.48,62-63. What Is Taoism?
https://books.google.com/books?id=5p6EBnx4_W0C&pg=PA48
- ^
Catherine Despeux, "Women in Daoism", in
Kohn? Livia, ed. (2000).
Daoism Handbook
. Leiden: Brill. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-01-25.
????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? (
link
)
pp. 403-404
- ^
Carr (1990)
, pp. 58, 60, 62, 68
- ^
Chad Hansen.
"Taoism"
.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI,
????? ????????
.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2013-06-24
. ???? ???? ??????
2008-10-01
.
- ^
Graham (1989)
, pp. 170?171
- ^
"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
(??????????? ?????????).
Archived
from the original on 2021-02-11
. Retrieved
2022-01-27
.
- ^
Hansen? Chad (2020)?
"Daoism"
? ?? Zalta? Edward N. (??????)?
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(?. Spring 2020)? Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University?
?????
?? ????? ?? 2023-09-01
? ???? ???? ??????
2022-01-27
- ^
Xiong, Qinjing; Ju, Yucui (21 Mar 2023).
"Taoism and teaching without words"
.
Educational Philosophy and Theory
(???????????).
55
(4): 496?507.
DOI
:
10.1080/00131857.2022.2112031
.
ISSN
:
0013-1857
.
S2CID
:
251688453
. Archived from
the original
on 2023-11-26.
- ^
Carr (1990, pp. 63?65). Converting the various
pronunciation respelling systems
[???? ????]
into
IPA
, British dictionaries (1933?1989, Table 3) give 9
/ta?.?z?m/
, 2
/ta?.?z?m, da?.?z?m/
, and 1
/da?.?z?m/
; American dictionaries (1948?1987, Table 4) give 6
/da?.?z?m, ta?.?z?m/
, 2
/ta?.?z?m, da?.?z?m/
, 2
/ta?.?z?m/
, and 1
/da?.?z?m/
.
- ^
Robinet (1997), p. 63.
- ^
?
?
Robinet 1997, p. 25
- ^
Kirkland 2004, p. 62
- ^
Kirkland 2004, p. 61
- ^
Robinet 1997, p. 6
- ^
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