?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? (?????) ?????. ^{[4] [5] [6]} ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? .

???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ???? ????????????? ? ????? ????? . ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? .

???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ?????.

??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? 1905 ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????: E=mc ² . ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? 1945 ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? . ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? .

??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? . ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????: ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? .

??? ????????? ?????????: ???? ???? ≪????≫ ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? . ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ^[7]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????: ?ν?ργεια? ??????? ?????????: energeia? ??????. ≪????? ?????≫? ^[8] ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? Energeia ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ( ?????????? : vis viva )? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? 2 (?????).

?? ??? 1807? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ≪??????≫ ????? ?? ≪????? ?????≫ ??????? ??????. ^[9] ??? ???????-?????? ???????? ≪ ?????? ??????? ≫ ??? 1829 ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 1853 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ≪ ?????? ??????? ≫. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? . ?? ??? 1845 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ( ?????? ???? ) ????? ?????????? ???????? . ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? . ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[10] ?????? ??? ??? 1918? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? . ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? . ^[11]

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (????? ??? ?????? )? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? . ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? . ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ( ???????? ) ???? ????? ???? ????? (?????). ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? (???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????)? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? (????) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????.

?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? (?????)? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? .

???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ( ?????? ???? )? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1843? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ≪???? ???≫: ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ^[12]

?? ?????? ?????? ??????? (SI)? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ????? . ???? ????? ?????? ????????? (?? ????? ???????) ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? (SI)? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? SI.

???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??? ???? ?????) ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?3600 ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? CGS ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? (????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????)? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.

• ??? ????? ??????:

1 ??? = 1 ????????. ??? ^{2. ????? ?2}

1 ??? = 1 ????. ?? ^{2. ????? ?2}

1 ??? = 10 ^{7 ???}

1 ??????? ???? = 3,6. 10 ^{6 ???}

1 ???? = 2,68. 10 ^{6 ???}

??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????:

1 ??????? ???? = 1.6023 × 10 ^?19 ???

???? ???????? = 931 ????? ??????? ????

???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????. ??? ^{2. ????? ?2 .}

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????.

??? ????? ?????? (???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????):

??? ??????	?????
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????????	?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????.
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??????	?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????.
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????	?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????.
?????	?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? (?????????? ???????).
?????????????	?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? .
????	?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (?? ???????) ?????? ???? ??? ?????????.
???? ?????????	?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
?????	?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????).
???????	?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? .
?????	?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? (rest mass).
??????	?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????.

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??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? . ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? (????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????)? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? .

?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????? ??????? ) ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 3% ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 10 ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? 400 ??? ??? 2000 ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????

???? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 19 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????

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?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.

• ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ( ??????????? : Total energy )? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????.
• ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? .

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??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? (≪????≫ ?? ≪??????≫ ????? ???? ??????? ???????). ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? (??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????). ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????.

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???? ???? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? c ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? h ???? ????? . ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? G ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .

???? ??? ?? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? . ???? ???? ???? ?????? m ?????? v ???? ????? ???? ????????:

${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }\,=\,{\tfrac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}$

??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ? (?? ???? ?????). (??????: ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? m ?????? v. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? : E = m.c² ??? c ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? = m. c² + ${\displaystyle \,{\tfrac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}$

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? (?? ???? ????????) ????????:

??? = ${\displaystyle \mathrm {\frac {kg\cdot m^{2}}{s^{2}}} }$

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? . ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? :

${\displaystyle E=h\nu \ }$

???:

${\displaystyle E\ }$ ?? ???? ?????? ? ${\displaystyle \nu \ }$ ????? ( ??????? )

? h ???? ????? .

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• ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????????? .

????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????:

• ???? ???? ??????
• ???? ???????
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• ???? ????? ????? .
• ???? ?????
• ???? ?????
• ???? ?????? .
• ???? ???? .
• ???? ??? ????????? ????? .

?????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Ash) ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.

????? ??? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 240 ?????? ???? ????? ??? 440 ?? ??? 1992. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? 46 MW. ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 300 ?1500 ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? 5 GJ ?? 6 GJ ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 25% ?50%.

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