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???? ?????? ( ??????????? : Nixon shock )? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1971 ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? .

?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? 1973 ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????.

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?? ??? 1944 ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? 44 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? . ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????≫. ??? ??? 1958 ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 35 $ ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? - ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? - 574 ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? - ??? ?????? ???.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? 6.1? (????? 1971), ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? 5.84? (1971).

??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? 13 ????? 1971? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? 90 ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? 10%? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? 15 ?? 1971

??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? (?? ??? ???????????)? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
???? ?????? ????? ???????? 11615 (???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? 1970)? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 90 ?????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? .
?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 10% ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.