?????? ?????

?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ). ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? (?? ??????????) ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? (???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????). ^[1] ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ≪??? ??????? ????????≫. ^[2] ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? . ^[3]

???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? . ^[4]^[5] ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? (1881)? ??????? ????? ?????.

???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? 1949? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???)? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? 1976. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ^[6]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? (?? ???????????) ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? (?? ??????) ?????? ??????? ???. ^[7]

???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1992 ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ???.?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (??? ??? ?? ????? ??????). ^[8]

???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ≪???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????≫.

????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????:

??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.

??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? 1992? ?.9

?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????.

???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ? 1995? ?197

????? ?? [...] ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

???? ?????

???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.

?????? ??????? ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Scientific Skepticism, Rationalism, and Secularism - NeuroLogica Blog" . theness.com . 15 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-05-07 .
^ Stemwedel? Janet D. (29 ????? 2008)? "Basic concepts: the norms of science" (blog) ? ScienceBlogs: Adventures in Ethics and Science ? ScienceBlogs ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-12 : quoting ????? ??? ?????? (1942)
^ Frazier? Kendrick (1 ?????? 2013). "Why We Do This: Revisiting the Higher Values of Skeptical Inquiry" . csicop.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-12 .
^ Asbjørn Dyrendal: "Oh no it isn't!" Skeptics and the Rhetorical Use of Science in Religion. in Olav Hammer & James R. Lewis (red.) Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science . pp. 879?900. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers 2010, Dyrendal refers to spiritualists as early targets of skeptics based on Hammer 2007.
^ Loxton, 2013, pp. 10ff.
^ Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (1 Jan 2007). Handbook of New Age (???????????). BRILL. pp. 382, 390, 395?96. ISBN : 978-9004153554 . Archived from the original on 2020-05-19. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????: |??????= ( help )
^ Merton? R. K. (1942). The Normative Structure of Science . in Merton? Robert King (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations . Chicago: ??? ??? ????? ?????? . ISBN : 978-0-226-52091-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-03.
^ Kurtz? Paul (1992). The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge . Prometheus . ?. 371 . ISBN : 978-0-87975-766-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-27.
^ Loxton? Daniel . "Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?" (PDF) . Skeptic.com . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-10-24 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

[??????? http://skepdic.com ????????]-?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???.
????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ??????? Kit ????? ?? ???? . ????? Clambake. 1998-???????? ??? ?????? ≪ ???? ????? ???????? ≫. ( ISBN 0-345-40946-9 )
[sci.skeptic http://www.faqs.org/faqs/skeptic-faq ????? ??????]
??????? ??????? ????????? -????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
???? (?????? ??? ??? ?????) A ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ≪???? ?????≫.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ?????

[1] "Scientific Skepticism, Rationalism, and Secularism - NeuroLogica Blog" . theness.com . 15 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-05-07 .

[2] Stemwedel? Janet D. (29 ????? 2008)? "Basic concepts: the norms of science" (blog) ? ScienceBlogs: Adventures in Ethics and Science ? ScienceBlogs ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-12 : quoting ????? ??? ?????? (1942)

[KendrickInquiry-3] Frazier? Kendrick (1 ?????? 2013). "Why We Do This: Revisiting the Higher Values of Skeptical Inquiry" . csicop.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-12 .

[4] Asbjørn Dyrendal: "Oh no it isn't!" Skeptics and the Rhetorical Use of Science in Religion. in Olav Hammer & James R. Lewis (red.) Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science . pp. 879?900. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers 2010, Dyrendal refers to spiritualists as early targets of skeptics based on Hammer 2007.

[5] Loxton, 2013, pp. 10ff.

[Hammer-6] Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (1 Jan 2007). Handbook of New Age (???????????). BRILL. pp. 382, 390, 395?96. ISBN : 978-9004153554 . Archived from the original on 2020-05-19. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????: |??????= ( help )

[Merton-7] Merton? R. K. (1942). The Normative Structure of Science . in Merton? Robert King (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations . Chicago: ??? ??? ????? ?????? . ISBN : 978-0-226-52091-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-03.

[8] Kurtz? Paul (1992). The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge . Prometheus . ?. 371 . ISBN : 978-0-87975-766-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-27.

[9] Loxton? Daniel . "Why Is There a Skeptical Movement?" (PDF) . Skeptic.com . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-10-24 .

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