?????

??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (?? ????? ????? ????????). ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ≪???????≫ ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ^[1]

?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????: ≪??????? ??????≫? ?≪???????? ???????≫. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.

???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? .

???? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ???????? (?????? ???????? ???? 2002) ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ≪????? ???????≫ 1962 ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[2] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? -??? ?????? ?????? (???????? ??????)? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????- ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????.

???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

≪???????? ??????≫ ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ≪?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????≫. ^[3]

?? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????. ^[4]

??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? -?? ???????- ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ≪????????≫ ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. (???? 1966)

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ≪???????? ???????≫ ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ≪??????≫ (?????? ???????) ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫.

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ≪?????? ??? ???????≫ ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????. ^[5]

???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???. ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ^[6]

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ≪??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????≫. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ≪??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????≫. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ≪????????? ????????? ???????? ???????≫.

?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ≪??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????≫. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ≪??????? ???????≫ ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????. ^[7]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? 1971 ??? ?? 3000 ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??78 ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ^[8]

??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ≪?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???≫. ^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Cronin, Crosson & Eastlake 2009 ? ???? 5.
^ Couch, Carl J. Information Technologies and Social Orders. Transaction Publishers, 2017.
^ Ong 2002 ? ???? 11.
^ Ong 2002 ? ???? 32.
^ Havelock? Eric A. (1963). A Preface to Plato . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
^ Ong 2002 ? ????? 78?79.
^ Chaytor? H.J. (1945). McLuhan (??????). From Script to Print (?. 1962). Cambridge: Heffer and Sons. ?. 10.
^ Edmonson, Monro E. (1971). Lore: An Introduction to the Science of Folklore and Literature . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ?. 323 , 332. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Ong 2002 ? ???? 29.

????? ??? ???????

[FOOTNOTECroninCrossonEastlake20095-1] Cronin, Crosson & Eastlake 2009 ? ???? 5.

[2] Couch, Carl J. Information Technologies and Social Orders. Transaction Publishers, 2017.

[FOOTNOTEOng200211-3] Ong 2002 ? ???? 11.

[FOOTNOTEOng200232-4] Ong 2002 ? ???? 32.

[5] Havelock? Eric A. (1963). A Preface to Plato . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[FOOTNOTEOng200278–79-6] Ong 2002 ? ????? 78?79.

[7] Chaytor? H.J. (1945). McLuhan (??????). From Script to Print (?. 1962). Cambridge: Heffer and Sons. ?. 10.

[8] Edmonson, Monro E. (1971). Lore: An Introduction to the Science of Folklore and Literature . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ?. 323 , 332. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[FOOTNOTEOng200229-9] Ong 2002 ? ???? 29.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

? ? ? ??? ??????
????? ??? ??????	Reading education in the US ?????? ???? ???? ??? Dick and Jane ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? No Child Left Behind Act ??? ?????? ??????? Adolescent literacy
????? ??? ??????	???? ?????? ??????? ???????
??? ?????? ?????	International Literacy Association ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate
????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????	Frank Laubach ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? Griffith Jones ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
?????? ??????	????? ????? Aliteracy ????? ????????? ????? ???????? Cultural literacy ????? ????????? ??? ??????? Diaspora literacy ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? Electracy ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? Graph literacy ?????? ????? ??? ???????? Information and media literacy Literacy test ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? Numeracy Oracy ????? ??? ???? Postliterate society Racial literacy ?????? ?????? Statistical literacy ????? ??????? Transliteracy Visual literacy ???? ?????