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????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? . [1] [2] [3] ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 18 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 18 ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 6 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 6 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 12 ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? 12 ???? ?????.

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  1. ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 18 ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????.
  2. ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 12 ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???.
  3. ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.

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????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.

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  1. ^ "Length of Day and Twilight (Formulas)" . www.gandraxa.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-26 .
  2. ^ University of Cambridge ? Institute of Astronomy ? Ask an Astronomer [ NB: questionable source as its sources refer back to Wikipedia ???? ?????? 2017-08-05 ?? Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Van Flandern? T.? K. Pulkkinen (1980). "Low precision formulae for planetary positions". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . ?. 31 ?. 3. Bibcode : 1979ApJS...41..391V . DOI : 10.1086/190623 .