??? ??????

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???.

?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

??? ????? ????? ≪??????≫ ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1898? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ^[5]

??????? ???? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (??????) ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????: ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? (????????? ??????)? ??? ??? ??????? (???????? ????? ?? ??????????) ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[6]^[7]

?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ^[8]

????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (????? ?????? ??? - 1949) [ ??? ]

??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (????? ?????? ???) [ ??? ]

????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? (??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????) ?????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? . ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ^[9]^[10]

?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???) [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??? 1650? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? 1650. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[11]^[12]

????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??? 1622? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? 143 ?? ??????? ?? ??????? (?????? ?? ???????)? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? (????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????). ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (?????? ???????) ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[13]

???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????????: ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. ^[14]

?? ??? 1720? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 2000 ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? (2.2 % ?? ????? ??????) ?1100 ??????????? ?11,700 ?????? ?9,000 ?? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?600 ???? ???? ???? ?5,600 ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?3,500 ???????? ?27,600 ?????? ??????? ?29,000 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????. ^[15]

????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????.

????? ??????? ????????? (1800 -1949) [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1854? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? 18,000 ?? ????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 62,000 ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?? 0.5% ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????. ^[16]

????? ??? 1925? ???? 27.5 % ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1940? ??? ???? ?? ???? 20%. ????? ??? 1930? ???? ???? ?? 240,000 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? 0.5% ?? ??????. ??? ??? 75% ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ?? ??? 1940? ????? ???? ?????? ??80% ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? 250,000 ????. ^[17]

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??. ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ van Amersfoort? H. (1982). "Immigration and the formation of minority groups: the Dutch experience 1945-1975". Cambridge University Press. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ Sjaardema? H. (1946). "One View on the Position of the Eurasian in Indonesian Society" . The Journal of Asian Studies . ?. 5 ?. 2: 172?175. DOI : 10.2307/2049742 . JSTOR : 2049742 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-03-17.
^ Bosma? U. (2012). Post-colonial Immigrants and Identity Formations in the Netherlands . Amsterdam University Press. ?. 198.
^ van Imhoff? E.? Beets? G. (2004). "A demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, 1930?2001". Journal of Population Research . ?. 21 ?. 1: 47?49. DOI : 10.1007/bf03032210 . S2CID : 53645470 .
^ Betts? R. (2004). Decolonization . Psychology Press. ?. 81.
^ Dutch Colonialism, Migration and Cultural Heritage . KITLV Press. 2008. ?. 104, 115.
^ Milone? P. (1967). "Indische Culture, and Its Relationship to Urban Life" . Comparative Studies in Society and History . ?. 9 ?. 4: 407?426. DOI : 10.1017/s0010417500004618 .
^ Quote: "Liplap: A vulgar and disparaging nickname given in the Dutch East Indies to Eurasians." See: Yule, Henry, Coke Burnell, Arthur Hobson-Jobson: the Anglo-Indian dictionary (Publisher: Wordsworth Editions, 1996) p. 518
^ "Braga Collection National Library of Australia" . Nla.gov.au. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .
^ "Timeline Milestones 1" . Gimonca.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-05-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .
^ Huigen? Siegfried? De Jong? Jan? Kolfin? Elmer (2010). The Dutch Trading Companies As Knowledge Networks . Brill. ?. 362.
^ Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius (2005) p. 7
^ Murdoch? Steve (2005). Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial And Covert Associations in Northern . Brill. ?. 210.
^ The language of trade was Malay with Portuguese influences. To this day the Indonesian language has a relatively large vocabulary of words with Portuguese roots e.g. Sunday, party, soap, table, flag, school.
^ Boxer? C.R. (1991). The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600?1800 . Penguin. ?. 220. ISBN : 978-0-14-013618-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-04.
^ Masselman, George, The cradle of colonialism (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1963) no.: 382.09492 MAS
^ "Timeline Milestones 2" . Gimonca.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .

??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] van Amersfoort? H. (1982). "Immigration and the formation of minority groups: the Dutch experience 1945-1975". Cambridge University Press. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[2] Sjaardema? H. (1946). "One View on the Position of the Eurasian in Indonesian Society" . The Journal of Asian Studies . ?. 5 ?. 2: 172?175. DOI : 10.2307/2049742 . JSTOR : 2049742 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-03-17.

[3] Bosma? U. (2012). Post-colonial Immigrants and Identity Formations in the Netherlands . Amsterdam University Press. ?. 198.

[vanimhoffbeets-4] van Imhoff? E.? Beets? G. (2004). "A demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, 1930?2001". Journal of Population Research . ?. 21 ?. 1: 47?49. DOI : 10.1007/bf03032210 . S2CID : 53645470 .

[5] Betts? R. (2004). Decolonization . Psychology Press. ?. 81.

[KITLV-6] Dutch Colonialism, Migration and Cultural Heritage . KITLV Press. 2008. ?. 104, 115.

[7] Milone? P. (1967). "Indische Culture, and Its Relationship to Urban Life" . Comparative Studies in Society and History . ?. 9 ?. 4: 407?426. DOI : 10.1017/s0010417500004618 .

[8] Quote: "Liplap: A vulgar and disparaging nickname given in the Dutch East Indies to Eurasians." See: Yule, Henry, Coke Burnell, Arthur Hobson-Jobson: the Anglo-Indian dictionary (Publisher: Wordsworth Editions, 1996) p. 518

[9] "Braga Collection National Library of Australia" . Nla.gov.au. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .

[10] "Timeline Milestones 1" . Gimonca.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-05-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .

[11] Huigen? Siegfried? De Jong? Jan? Kolfin? Elmer (2010). The Dutch Trading Companies As Knowledge Networks . Brill. ?. 362.

[12] Megan Vaughan, Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius (2005) p. 7

[murdoch-13] Murdoch? Steve (2005). Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial And Covert Associations in Northern . Brill. ?. 210.

[14] The language of trade was Malay with Portuguese influences. To this day the Indonesian language has a relatively large vocabulary of words with Portuguese roots e.g. Sunday, party, soap, table, flag, school.

[15] Boxer? C.R. (1991). The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600?1800 . Penguin. ?. 220. ISBN : 978-0-14-013618-0 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-04.

[16] Masselman, George, The cradle of colonialism (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1963) no.: 382.09492 MAS

[17] "Timeline Milestones 2" . Gimonca.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-04 .

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