??? ???????

??????? ?? ??????? ( ???????? : kuman ?????? kumanlar ^[1]^[2]^[3] ( ?????????? : cuman / plural cumani )?, ( ?????????? : Połowcy, Plauci (Kumanowie) )?, ( ???????? : Половцы )? - ????????? ( ??????????? : Половц? )?, ( ?????????? : Кумани )?? ????????? : Plavci? ( ????????? : ???????, ??????? )?? ?????????? : Falones, Phalagi, Valvi, Valewen, Valani) ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6] ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ( 1237? )? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? (Hungary)? ^[7] ?? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ^[8] ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? .

????? ????? ????????? ?? ≪????????≫ (Pecheneg)? ^[9] ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? (Volga) ??????? ???? ??????? (Cumania)? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ^[10] ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? (Kievan Rus') ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (Wallachia). ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ^[11] ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ^[12] ????? ?????? ???????? (Codex Cumanicus) ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.

(Lugansk)

??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? (???????? (Asenids) ?????????? (Terterids) ???????????) ?????? ??????? ????????? (???????????) ?? ???? ???????. ^[11]^[13] ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (Asenid) ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ( ????????? ) ^[14]^[15]^[16] ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? (Folban) ? ????????/??????? (Vallani/Valwe) ??? ???????? ? ????? (Kun) (Qoun) ??? ????????? ? ??????????/???????? (Polovtsy/Polovec) (?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? "половъ" ? ???? ??? ???????? -) ????? ??? ??????? ???? ≪????≫. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? (????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????). ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????/?????? ???? ???????? ???????? (?? ????? ???) ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????/????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? (????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???)? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? (????? ????? ?????? ??????) ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[17]

???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? (???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? )? ?? ??? ≪?????? ???????≫ (?????? ?? ???? ??????)? ?? ≪?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????≫. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (???? ??? 24 ????????) ??? ???? ?????? (??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????) ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? (??? 1120) ?? ??? ≪???≫ (????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ≪??? ?????≫ (???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????). ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ???? ???? ?????)? ????? ????? ??? ???? / ????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ≪???≫ ????? ??????? ????????. ^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ≪????≫ ???? ??????? ??? ????? (743-1220)? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (1179-1229) ????? ≪?????≫ ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ≪(??????? ??????) ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? . ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? (???? 1144)? ???????? ???????? ??? χarte?k (????? ????? ≪?????≫? ≪????????≫? ≪????? ??????≫). ^[22]^[23]^[24]

??? ??? ???????:

???? ?????? ?? ????? 800 ??? 1230 ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? (??? ????? ??? ????? ??????) ?? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? (?? ?????) ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? . ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? (?????????) ?? ????? ?? ??? 1068- 1078. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1078. ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? (??????? / ???? ?? ???????? / ?????? ?????????? (??? ????????) / ??? ???????? (??? ?????????))? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[21]

???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???: ≪?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 25 ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? 25 ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? (???????). ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? (???????)? ???? ???? ???? ??????? (???????)? ??? ??? 50 ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????≫.

???? ?????? ??????? ????? (?????) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ≪???????≫. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? (1304 ? ??? 1369) ?? ???????: ≪??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????≫. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? (1281-1349) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????:

≪????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???. ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? (?????)? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? (??? ?????). ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ^[25]

???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ?????≫. ^[26]

????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????≫.

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? . ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ≪????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????????? ????????. ≪???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? (???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????)? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? - ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
?????
???? ?????
????? ??????? ??????
???????? ????????? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????
????? ???????
?????? ?????
??? ???????

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Loewenthal? Rudolf (1957). The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography . Mouton. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-23 .
^ ^? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Cuman ???? ?????? 03 ???? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 563
^ Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204" Speculum , Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179; Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes... .
^ Bartusis, Mark C., The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453 , (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 26; " Around 1239 a large group of Cumans-- a Turkic people of the steppes.... ".
^ Spinei? Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic nomads north of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century . Leiden: Brill. ?. 116 .
^ "Cuman (people)" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-13 .
^ Find Local Contractors | Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext ???? ?????? 24 ????? 2010 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Cumans" . Encyclopediaofukraine.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-13 .
^ Cumans and Tatars, pg 7
^ ^? ^? Istvan Vasary (2005) Cumans and Tatars , Cambridge University Press.
^ Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads , p. 186.
^ Lauren?iu R?dvan, At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities , BRILL, 2010, p. 129 ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ For example: "Bazarab infidelis Olahus noster", "Basarab Olacus et filii eiusdem", "Bazarab filium Thocomerius scismaticum olachis nostris". http://www.arcanum.hu/mol/lpext.dll/fejer/152e/153a/1654?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0 ???? ?????? 9 ???? 2021 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Istvan Vasary (2005) Cumans and Tatars , Cambridge University Press, p. 40: "No serious argument can be put forward in support of the Assenids' Bulgarian or Russian origin. Moreover, a Cuman name by itself cannot prove that its bearer was undoubtedly Cuman. Asen's Turkic name must be reconciled with the fact that the sources unanimously testify to his being Vlach."
^ Stephenson, Paul. Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204 , Cambridge University Press, 2000
^ MacDermott? Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ?. 27. ISBN : 978-1-8530-2485-6 .
^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History of Pliny Volume 2 , p. 21. ???? ?????? 8 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Darial ". Encyclopædia Britannica (???????????) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Vol. 7. p. 832.
^ Minorsky, V. (1942), Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir Marvaz? on China, the Turks and India. Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) with an English translation and commentary. London. 1, pp. 242?243.
^ ^? ^? Wolff? Robert Lee (1976). Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople . London: Variorum. ISBN : 978-0-9020-8999-0 .
^ Spinei? Victor (2006). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Cumans and Mongols . ?. 323. ISBN : 978-9-0256-1214-6 .
^ Kincses-Nagy? Eva (2013). A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary . Szeged University.
^ ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? , p. 31.
^ John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville , ch 6., 27
^ Golden? Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples . Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ?. 277 . ISBN : 978-3-4470-3274-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-26. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

(????????) Golubovsky Peter V. (1884) Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes IX-XIII centuries (Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX?XIII вв.) at Runivers.ru in ?????? format.
(????????) Golubovsky Peter V. (1889) Cumans in Hungary. Historical essay (Половцы в Венгрии. Исторический очерк) at Runivers.ru in ?????? format.
Istvan Vasary (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press.
Gyarfas Istvan: A Jaszkunok Tortenete
Gyorffy Gyorgy: A Codex Cumanicus mai kerdesei
Gyorffy Gyorgy: A magyarsag keleti elemei
Hunfalvy: Etnographia
Perfecky (translator): Galician-Volhynian Chronicle

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

[1] Loewenthal? Rudolf (1957). The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography . Mouton. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-23 .

[eb-2] ? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Cuman ???? ?????? 03 ???? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 563

[4] Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204" Speculum , Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179; Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes... .

[5] Bartusis, Mark C., The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453 , (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 26; " Around 1239 a large group of Cumans-- a Turkic people of the steppes.... ".

[spinei_rom-6] Spinei? Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic nomads north of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century . Leiden: Brill. ?. 116 .

[7] "Cuman (people)" . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-13 .

[goliath.ecnext.com-8] Find Local Contractors | Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext ???? ?????? 24 ????? 2010 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] "Cumans" . Encyclopediaofukraine.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-13 .

[10] Cumans and Tatars, pg 7

[István_Vásáry_2005-11] ? ^? Istvan Vasary (2005) Cumans and Tatars , Cambridge University Press.

[spinei_186-12] Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads , p. 186.

[Radvan-13] Lauren?iu R?dvan, At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities , BRILL, 2010, p. 129 ???? ?????? 17 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[14] For example: "Bazarab infidelis Olahus noster", "Basarab Olacus et filii eiusdem", "Bazarab filium Thocomerius scismaticum olachis nostris". http://www.arcanum.hu/mol/lpext.dll/fejer/152e/153a/1654?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0 ???? ?????? 9 ???? 2021 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] Istvan Vasary (2005) Cumans and Tatars , Cambridge University Press, p. 40: "No serious argument can be put forward in support of the Assenids' Bulgarian or Russian origin. Moreover, a Cuman name by itself cannot prove that its bearer was undoubtedly Cuman. Asen's Turkic name must be reconciled with the fact that the sources unanimously testify to his being Vlach."

[16] Stephenson, Paul. Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204 , Cambridge University Press, 2000

[MacDermott_1998-17] MacDermott? Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs . Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ?. 27. ISBN : 978-1-8530-2485-6 .

[18] Pliny the Elder, The Natural History of Pliny Volume 2 , p. 21. ???? ?????? 8 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[EB1911-19] ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Darial ". Encyclopædia Britannica (???????????) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Vol. 7. p. 832.

[20] Minorsky, V. (1942), Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir Marvaz? on China, the Turks and India. Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) with an English translation and commentary. London. 1, pp. 242?243.

[Wolff_1976-21] ? ^? Wolff? Robert Lee (1976). Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople . London: Variorum. ISBN : 978-0-9020-8999-0 .

[22] Spinei? Victor (2006). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Cumans and Mongols . ?. 323. ISBN : 978-9-0256-1214-6 .

[Kincses-Nagy2013-23] Kincses-Nagy? Eva (2013). A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary . Szeged University.

[24] ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? , p. 31.

[25] John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville , ch 6., 27

[Golden_1992-26] Golden? Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples . Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ?. 277 . ISBN : 978-3-4470-3274-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-26. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

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