????? ????? ????????

???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? (?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????-?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? . ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????. ^[1]^[2]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ≪?????????? ??????????? ???????≫ ^[3] ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (????? ??? ??)? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1948. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????(DFRF). ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[4]

???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[5] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? (Kimilsungist-Kimjongilist)? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[6]^[7]

??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1948 ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1994? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1949 ??? ??? 1994 (?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 1949 ??? ??? 1972)? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1948 ??? ??? 1972 ????? ????????? ??? ??? 1972 ??? ??? 1994. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1997? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????(NDC)? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ≪???? ???? ?? ??????≫. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ≪?????? ?????? ?????????≫ ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ^[16] ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????-????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????. ^[17] ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ≪?????? ???????? ?????≫. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2009. ^[18]

????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ????-?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ≪??????? ????????≫ ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????(?? ??? ???) ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? 5 ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? 9 ??????.

??????? ???????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????(?? ??? ???) ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????(??? ??? ???) ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? 17 ????? ??? ???. ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? -????? ????? ???????-???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????- ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ^[19]

???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????(?? ?? ?? ??)? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ^[20]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Becker? Jasper (2005)? Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea ? ??????? : ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ISBN : 978-0-19-517044-3 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-10
^ B. R. Myers: The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. pp. 45?46. Paperback edition. (2011)
^ Chapter I, Article 12 of Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2012) . 2012 – ??? ???? ???? .
^ "Freedom in the World, 2006" . Freedom House. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-07-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-02-13 .
^ Lansford? Tom (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015 . Singapore: CQ Press. ?. 3330. ISBN : 978-1-4833-7155-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-19.
^ Scalapino? Robert A.? Chun-y?p Kim (1983). North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues . Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Korean Studies. ?. 84. ISBN : 978-0-912966-55-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-04.
^ Kagan? Richard? Oh? Matthew? Weissbrodt? David S. (1988). Human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) . Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee. ?. 166. ISBN : 978-0-929692-23-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-04.
^ Spencer? Richard (28 ????? 2007). "North Korea power struggle looms" . The Telegraph (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper) . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-11-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.
^ Parry? Richard Lloyd (5 ?????? 2007). "North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous" . The Times (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper of record) . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-07-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship's designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.
^ Walsh? Lynn (8 ?????? 2003). "The Korean crisis" . CWI online: Socialism Today, February 2003 edition, journal of the Socialist Party, CWI England and Wales . socialistworld.net, website of the committee for a worker’s international. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . Kim Jong-il's regime needs economic concessions to avoid collapse, and just as crucially needs an end to the strategic siege imposed by the U.S. since the end of the Korean war (1950?53). Pyongyang's nuclear ????? ???? ??????? , though potentially dangerous, is driven by fear rather than by militaristic ambition. The rotten Stalinist dictatorship faces the prospect of an implosion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which deprived North Korea of vital economic support, the nation has consistently attempted to secure from the US a non-aggression pact, recognition of its sovereignty, and economic assistance. The US's equally consistent refusal to enter into direct negotiations with North Korea, effectively ruling out a peace treaty to formally close the 1950?53 Korean War, has encouraged the regime to resort to nuclear blackmail.
^ Brooke? James (2 ?????? 2003). "North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.
^ Buruma? Ian (13 ???? 2008). "Leader Article: Let The Music Play On" . The Times of India . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-27 . North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is one of the world's most oppressive, closed, and vicious dictatorships. It is perhaps the last living example of pure totalitarianism ? control of the state over every aspect of human life.
^ "Freedom in the World, 2006" . Freedom House. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-07-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-02-13 . Citizens of North Korea cannot change their government democratically. North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship and one of the most restrictive countries in the world.
^ "Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006" (PDF) . ???? ??????????? ?????????? . 2007. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2007-03-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-09 . North Korea ranked in last place (167)
^ "A portrait of North Korea's new rich" . ?? ?????????? . 29 ???? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-06-18 . EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.
^ ^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]
^ "The Parliamentary System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF) . Constitutional and Parliamentary Information . Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments (ASGP) of the ??????? ????????? ?????? . ?. 5. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-03-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-01 .
^ Herskovitz? Jon (28 ?????? 2009). "North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leader" " . Reuters . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-01.
^ " [1] ," Associated Press, 8 March 2009. ???? ?????? 2019-10-10 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Dieter Nohlen? Florian Grotz? Christof Hartmann (2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ?. 404. ISBN : 978-0-19-924959-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-10.

????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[Rogue-1] Becker? Jasper (2005)? Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea ? ??????? : ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ISBN : 978-0-19-517044-3 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-10

[HwangJuche-2] B. R. Myers: The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. pp. 45?46. Paperback edition. (2011)

[3] Chapter I, Article 12 of Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2012) . 2012 – ??? ???? ???? .

[fh-4] "Freedom in the World, 2006" . Freedom House. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-07-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-02-13 .

[Lansford2015-5] Lansford? Tom (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015 . Singapore: CQ Press. ?. 3330. ISBN : 978-1-4833-7155-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-19.

[ScalapinoKim1983-6] Scalapino? Robert A.? Chun-y?p Kim (1983). North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues . Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Korean Studies. ?. 84. ISBN : 978-0-912966-55-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-04.

[7] Kagan? Richard? Oh? Matthew? Weissbrodt? David S. (1988). Human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) . Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee. ?. 166. ISBN : 978-0-929692-23-4 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-04.

[8] Spencer? Richard (28 ????? 2007). "North Korea power struggle looms" . The Telegraph (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper) . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-11-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.

[9] Parry? Richard Lloyd (5 ?????? 2007). "North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous" . The Times (online version of United Kingdom's national newspaper of record) . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-07-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship's designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.

[10] Walsh? Lynn (8 ?????? 2003). "The Korean crisis" . CWI online: Socialism Today, February 2003 edition, journal of the Socialist Party, CWI England and Wales . socialistworld.net, website of the committee for a worker’s international. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . Kim Jong-il's regime needs economic concessions to avoid collapse, and just as crucially needs an end to the strategic siege imposed by the U.S. since the end of the Korean war (1950?53). Pyongyang's nuclear ????? ???? ??????? , though potentially dangerous, is driven by fear rather than by militaristic ambition. The rotten Stalinist dictatorship faces the prospect of an implosion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which deprived North Korea of vital economic support, the nation has consistently attempted to secure from the US a non-aggression pact, recognition of its sovereignty, and economic assistance. The US's equally consistent refusal to enter into direct negotiations with North Korea, effectively ruling out a peace treaty to formally close the 1950?53 Korean War, has encouraged the regime to resort to nuclear blackmail.

[nysuccess-11] Brooke? James (2 ?????? 2003). "North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-31 . North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.

[intimes-12] Buruma? Ian (13 ???? 2008). "Leader Article: Let The Music Play On" . The Times of India . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-27 . North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is one of the world's most oppressive, closed, and vicious dictatorships. It is perhaps the last living example of pure totalitarianism ? control of the state over every aspect of human life.

[13] "Freedom in the World, 2006" . Freedom House. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-07-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-02-13 . Citizens of North Korea cannot change their government democratically. North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship and one of the most restrictive countries in the world.

[14] "Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006" (PDF) . ???? ??????????? ?????????? . 2007. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2007-03-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-10-09 . North Korea ranked in last place (167)

[15] "A portrait of North Korea's new rich" . ?? ?????????? . 29 ???? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-06-18 . EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.

[16] [8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

[parlunion5-17] "The Parliamentary System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF) . Constitutional and Parliamentary Information . Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments (ASGP) of the ??????? ????????? ?????? . ?. 5. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-03-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-10-01 .

[18] Herskovitz? Jon (28 ?????? 2009). "North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leader" " . Reuters . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-01.

[19] " [1] ," Associated Press, 8 March 2009. ???? ?????? 2019-10-10 ?? Wayback Machine

[NohlenGrotz2001-20] Dieter Nohlen? Florian Grotz? Christof Hartmann (2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ?. 404. ISBN : 978-0-19-924959-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-10.

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