??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ?? (?????) .

??

??????? ????

??? ???? ??	organ with organ cavity (en) [1]
?????	odontology (en)
?????? ????????	????? ???? [2]
???? ??	Fish scale (en) ??? ???????
????? ???????	????? ???????
???????? 360 ???? ??? ????? ?????	https://www.zygotebody.com/#nav=0.75,126.89,58.47,0,0,0,0&sel=p:;h:;s:1059;c:-0.6;o:-0.75&layers=0,1,6250

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ??????

??????? ^{[3] [4] [5]} ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? (????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????) ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? (????? ?????? ?? ????) ???????? ????? (?? ?????).

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???:

• ????????? ????? ??????? (Homodent): ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? .
• ????????? ?????? ??????? (Heterodent): ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???:

• ????????? ?????? ??????? (Monophydont): ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
• ????????? ?????? ??????? (Diphydont): ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
• ????????? ?????? ??????? (Polyphodont): ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????) ?????? ???????. ^[6]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

1. ??? ???? ??????.
2. ????? ??? ????? (??????? ??????? ????????).
3. ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
4. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (??? ?????????). ^[7]

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

• ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????.
• ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? (cementum).
• ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? (dentine).
• ??? ?????? ????????: ??? ???? ????? (tooth pulp).
• ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? 96% ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (Hydroxylapatite) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????: (Ca5(PO4)3(OH.
• ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
• ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????: ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (pulp chamber) ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? (apical foramen) ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? (root canals).
• ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? (cementoenamel junction).
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? (odontoblasts)? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? (tubules) ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? (Amelo-dentino junction).
• ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ^{[7] [8]}

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??? ??????? (??? ???? ????????) ??????? ??????:

1. ??????? : ?????? ???????
2. ???????
3. ???????
4. ??????? (??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????)

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

• ???? ??????? ???????

???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.

• ???? ??????? ????????

???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? (????? ?????) ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? 32 ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???:

1. ??????? - ???? ???????.
2. ???.
3. ???????.
4. ????? ?????.

? ?????? ??? ????? ??????:

????? ??????? (?????? ??????) [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????. ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? (?????? ?????? ????? ??????).???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??:

• ???? ICPM/ICPM: ??? ???? (??????? I=incisors) ?( ??????? C=canines) ?(??????? P=premolars) ?(??????? M=molars). ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??:

${\displaystyle (I^{2}-C^{1}-P^{2}-M^{3})/(I_{2}-C_{1}-P_{2}-M_{3})x2=32}$

????? ????? d ??????? ??? ??????? ???????

${\displaystyle (di^{2}-dc^{1}-dp^{2})/(di_{2}-dc_{1}-dp_{2})x2=20}$

• ?????? ???????: ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ${\displaystyle {\frac {2.1.2.3}{2.1.2.3}}}$ ???????? ??????? ${\displaystyle {\frac {di2.dc1.dm2}{di2.dc1.dm2}}}$ ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[9]

?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

?? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? (Pericornoitis). ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? (Cyst). ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ?????: ???? ??????? ? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

• ????? ???? ?????? ???????
• wisdom tooth .
• ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????!
• Impacted wisdom tooth
• ?????? ?????? ??? ???????

???? ????? [ ??? ]

• ????? ???????
• ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????
• ???? ????????
• ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
• ?????? ??????? ???????
• ???? ????????
• ??????

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??