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[5]
????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????: ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
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[6]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Random House Dictionary
- ^
Dan D. Nimmo and James E. Combs (1992).
The Political Pundits
. Praeger/Greenwood. ?. 20.
ISBN
:
0-275-93545-0
.
- ^
Stephen D Cooper (2006).
Watching the Watchdog: Bloggers as the Fifth Estate
. Marquette Books.
ISBN
:
0-922993-47-5
.
- ^
Dutton, W. H. (2009), ‘The Fifth Estate Emerging through the Network of Networks’, Prometheus, Vol. 27, No. 1, March: pp. 1-15.
- ^
"Geneva Centre for Security Policy - GCSP / Emerging Security Challenges / Globalisation / Publications / Books / Faculty Publications / Books and Edited Volumes / The Emergence of Blogs as a Fifth Estate and Their Security Implications"
. Gcsp.ch. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-03-29
. ???? ???? ??????
2012-11-17
.
- ^
Al-Rodhan, Nayef R.F., The Emergence of Blogs as a Fifth Estate and Their Security Implications, Geneva,
Slatkine
, 2007.
[
???? ??????
]
???? ??????
30 ?????? 2012 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
