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????? ^[1] ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? (???? ???? ??≪???????≫) ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[2]^[3]^[4] ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ( ?? ????? ?? ????? ) ???? ????? ( ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? - ?????? ???? ????? ????? ). ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? (??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????) ?????? ???????? .

???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ^[5]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???. ^[6] ?????? ??? ≪????? ???????≫ ????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ≪??? ?????≫ ????? ?? ≪??? ????≫ ??? ???? ?????? ???? (??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????)? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.

??????????? [ ??? ]

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??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ). ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ? ??? ????? ? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. (???? ???? ??? ).

????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? .

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? . ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? 650 ?. ^[7]

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? . ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? (??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????) ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1980. ^[8]

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ^[9]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ( ???????? ???? ????? ???????) ????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? / ???????)? ???????? ? ? ???? ???????? ? ? ????????? ? ? ????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ????? ???? 42 ????? (????????? ???????) ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? 10 ??????? ?? ??????? ? 4 ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ? 19 ??????? ?? ???????? ? 7 ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? 3 ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ^[10] ? 2 ????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 45 ???????. ^[10] ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????.

?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? . ^[11]

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ^[3] ????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? .

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? .

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 256? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534
^ "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" , Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. ???? ?????? June 3, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ ^? ^? Kostianoy, Andrey G.; Lavrova, Olga Yu (8 Jul 2014). Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea (???????????). Springer. ISBN : 9783642384769 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-28.
^ "e-ra3-wo" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-21.
^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Cell . New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.
^ Kvenvolden? Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry ? A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry . ?. 37: 1. DOI : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001 .
^ "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" , Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. ???? ?????? June 3, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ "Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company" . Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-20.
^ "Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?" . Knight Science Journalism at MIT . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-15.
^ ^? ^? U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) ? Retrieved 2011-10-02. ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Whale Oil" . petroleumhistory.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-04.

??? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ?? ???? ???????.

[1] ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 256? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534

[2] "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" , Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. ???? ?????? June 3, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[مولد_تلقائيا1-3] ? ^? Kostianoy, Andrey G.; Lavrova, Olga Yu (8 Jul 2014). Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea (???????????). Springer. ISBN : 9783642384769 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-28.

[4] "e-ra3-wo" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-21.

[alberts-5] Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Cell . New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.

[6] Kvenvolden? Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry ? A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry . ?. 37: 1. DOI : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001 .

[7] "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" , Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. ???? ?????? June 3, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[8] "Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company" . Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-12-20.

[9] "Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?" . Knight Science Journalism at MIT . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-15.

[EIA-10] ? ^? U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) ? Retrieved 2011-10-02. ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[11] "Whale Oil" . petroleumhistory.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-04.

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