????

??? ???????
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? (?????) .
????
??? ?????
 
?????? ???????? ??? (100 ????)
?????? ???????? 2,999 ????? (717 ?.????)
???????????? 0
????????
?????? ??? 0.9 g
??????
???? 81 g
???? ????? 51 g
???? ?????? ??? ????? 21 g
???? ?????? ??? ????? 3 g
???????????
??????? ? ?????. 684 ????????? (76%)
??????? ? 60 ???? ????? (15%)
??????? ?? 2.32 ??????? (15%)
????? ??????
??????? 24 ??????? (2%)
???????? 24 ??????? (1%)
?????? 11 ??????? (0%)
??????? ????
???????? 215 mg
Fat percentage can vary.
See also Types of butter .
????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
??????: ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب
?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. [1] [2] [3] ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (?????? ?????????). ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. [4]

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????? - ???? ????? ?? ???? ≪???≫ ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ≪?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????≫? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ≪??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????≫. [5] ??? ????? ?????????? - ???? ?????? "butter" ??? ????? ?? ???????? "butyrum" [6] ??? ????? ?? ????????? "βο?τυρον" [6]

????? ??? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ??????) ???? ??? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????. [7]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 2000 ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? (separator) ??? 1879? ?? ????? (pasteurization) ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (starter cultures) ??? 1890. ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 1935? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. [8]

??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ≪???? ??????≫. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [8] ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? [8]

?? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? (bogs for aging)? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? 1869 ? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ≪??????????????≫? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???. ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 18 ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????. [8]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???: ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ≪????≫ ? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? (RNA)? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [9]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????.????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. [10]

????? ??????
???? ????

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ≪??????≫ ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [11] ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????: ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? 180 ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? (??????) ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? 45 ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? (??????)? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? (30????????) ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. [12]

??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????

????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????. [13]

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???: [14]

  • ???? ?????: ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????.
  • ?????? ???????: ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ????? ?????: ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
  • ???? ?????? ???????: ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.
  • ???? ?????? ???????: ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???.
  • ?????? ???????: ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? 100?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.
  • ?????? ????????: ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
  • ?????? ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
  • ???? ????? ?????: ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? 40? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
  • ?????? ???????: ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.
  • ???? ?????: ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. [15]
??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????: ? ???? Land O’Lakes ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? Kerrygold Butter ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? Plugra Butter ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ????? Challenge Butter ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1911 ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? . ????? President Butter ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ????? Darigold Butter ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? Amul ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? Cabot Salted Butter ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? . ????? GreenWise Butter ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? Breakstone Butter ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? . [16]

??? ??? ???????

????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. [17] ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????.??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??"??????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????.??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? 20 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. [18]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? (?????????) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? 4? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????:

  1. ????? ?????? churn : ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ???? ???? ????? ???? 40-50%) ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 20 ? 50 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (?????? ????? ?? ?????) ??? ?????? (?????? ????? ?? ?????) ??????? ?????? butter milk? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.
  2. ??????? ??????? continuous production : ????? ?????? ??????? (?????Fritz ): ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? (2000 - 3000 ???? ?? ???????) ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
    • ????? ??????? (????? Alfa) : ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 82% ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 70?80 ???? ?? ???????.
    • ? ????? ??????? (?????Golden flow) : ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (85 ?90% ???)? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????.
    • ????? ????? (???? ????????) ????? ????? ??? 0.5 ?2.0% ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. [19]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????.

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? : ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? 10?200?. ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? : ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 5 ?25??. ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? PVC ??????? ??????? polyethylene . ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. [19]

???? ??? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? eurovoc.europa.eu" . eurovoc.europa.eu. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-23.
  2. ^ "??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? explore.data.parliament.uk" . explore.data.parliament.uk. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-21.
  3. ^ "??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ndb.nal.usda.gov" . ndb.nal.usda.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-30.
  4. ^ "???? - ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????" . ar.hiloved.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-20 .
  5. ^ Team, Almaany. "????? ? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? - ???? ???? ???? ???? 1" . www.almaany.com (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-21 . Retrieved 2021-11-20 .
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