??????? ??????

??????? ??????
( ?????????? : Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr )?
??????? ?????
???????	21 ????? 1892 ; ????
??????	1 ????? 1971 (78 ???)
??????	???????? ???????
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ‏
??????	???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ???????
??????	??????????
???? ?????	?????
???? ??	????? ?????? ????????? ‏
???????
	???? ?????? ??????? (1964)
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ( ?????????? : Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr )? ( 1892 - 1971 ) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1964. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ≪????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????≫ ?≪????? ???? ???????≫. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ≪????? ??????? ????????≫ ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ≪????? ????? ?????? ??????≫ ??????? ??? 1944: ≪???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????≫. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1945 ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ^[10]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 2017? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ≪?????? ????????: ??? ??????? ??????≫. ^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 1892 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? ??? ?????? ?????). ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ?. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 1902 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1913 ??? ???? ?????. ^[23]^[24]

????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1910 . ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?. ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? 1914 ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ≪?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????≫. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????-?????????. ^[25]^[26]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1931 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ?????? ?????? ????????) ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[27]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????????

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
??????? ?????? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)
??????? ?????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)
??????? ?????? ??? ???? Discogs (??????????)

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica | Reinhold Niebuhr (???????????), QID : Q5375741
^ ^? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Reinhold Niebuhr (??????????), QID : Q237227
^ ^? ^? Internet Philosophy Ontology project | Reinhold Niebuhr (???????????), QID : Q6023365
^ Dalibor Brozovi?; Tomislav Ladan (1999), Hrvatska enciklopedija | Reinhold Niebuhr (??????????), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krle?a, OL : 120005M , QID : Q1789619
^ "100 Best Nonfiction" . Modern Library. 1998. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-04 .
^ Brian Urquhart (26 ???? 2009). "What You Can Learn from Reinhold Niebuhr" . The New York Review of Books . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ Schlesinger? Arthur, Jr. (18 ?????? 2005). "Forgetting Reinhold Niebuhr" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-13 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Schlesinger? Arthur, Jr. (22 ????? 1992). "Reinhold Niebuhr's Long Shadow" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-08. {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Nelson? F. Burton (1 ?????? 1991). "Friends He Met in America: Reinhold Niebuhr" . Christian History . ?. 32. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ "Reinhold Niebuhr and John Dewey: An American Odyssey, Daniel F. Rice ? Author" . SUNY Press. ???? 1993. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ " ????? ???????? ???????? " in foreign policy emphasizes national interest and is opposed to "idealism". See Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (1997) ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}
^ Brooks? David (26 ????? 2007). "Obama, Gospel and Verse" . The New York Times . ?. A25. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ "Niebuhr and Obama" . Hoover Institution. 1 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ "Reinhold Niebuhr and the Political Moment" . Religion & Ethics Newseekly . PBS. September 7, 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? March 10, 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ Hoffman? Claire. "Under God: Spitzer, Niebuhr and the Sin of Pride" . The Washington Post . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-09-21.
^ Tippett, Krista (?????? 25, 2007). "Reinhold Niebuhr Timeline: Opposes Vietnam War" . On Being . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 21, 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .
^ Smith? Jordan Michael (17 ?????? 2011). "The Philosopher of the Post-9/11 Era" . Slate . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ Cheever, Susan (6 ???? 2012). "The Secret History of the Serenity Prayer" . The Fix . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-05-16.
^ "Hall of Famous Missourians" . Missouri House of Representatives. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ "About ADA" . Americans for Democratic Action. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ "Reinhold Niebuhr by Howard G. Patton" . religion-online.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 2, 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .
^ Tippett, Krista (?????? 25, 2007). "Reinhold Niebuhr Timeline: Accepts position at Princeton" . On Being . ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 2, 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .
^ Fox 1985 ? ????? 5?24.
^ Moon 1999 .
^ Fox 1985 .
^ Lemert 2011 ? ???? 146.
^ Miles? Rebekah (25 ????? 2012). "Uncredited: Was Ursula Niebuhr Reinhold's Coauthor?". The Christian Century . ?. 129 ??? 2.

??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[wikidata-d215b652eb1bb34fc38e3dce625bbf3cf2b2b1ac-1] ? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica | Reinhold Niebuhr (???????????), QID : Q5375741

[wikidata-7148b8dc3272768a8149b9fb93b0ff76161efed5-2] ? ^? Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Reinhold Niebuhr (??????????), QID : Q237227

[wikidata-8081f035181a8fd72c09bd63a06aafbc34b59812-3] ? ^? Internet Philosophy Ontology project | Reinhold Niebuhr (???????????), QID : Q6023365

[wikidata-3a78edca434144fa481c7cb0b6c712372daa0449-4] Dalibor Brozovi?; Tomislav Ladan (1999), Hrvatska enciklopedija | Reinhold Niebuhr (??????????), Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krle?a, OL : 120005M , QID : Q1789619

[5] "100 Best Nonfiction" . Modern Library. 1998. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-04 .

[nybooks.com-6] Brian Urquhart (26 ???? 2009). "What You Can Learn from Reinhold Niebuhr" . The New York Review of Books . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-11-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[Arthur-7] Schlesinger? Arthur, Jr. (18 ?????? 2005). "Forgetting Reinhold Niebuhr" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-10-13 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[8] Schlesinger? Arthur, Jr. (22 ????? 1992). "Reinhold Niebuhr's Long Shadow" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-08. {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[9] Nelson? F. Burton (1 ?????? 1991). "Friends He Met in America: Reinhold Niebuhr" . Christian History . ?. 32. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[10] "Reinhold Niebuhr and John Dewey: An American Odyssey, Daniel F. Rice ? Author" . SUNY Press. ???? 1993. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[11] " ????? ???????? ???????? " in foreign policy emphasizes national interest and is opposed to "idealism". See Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (1997) ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}

[12] Brooks? David (26 ????? 2007). "Obama, Gospel and Verse" . The New York Times . ?. A25. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[13] "Niebuhr and Obama" . Hoover Institution. 1 ????? 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[14] "Reinhold Niebuhr and the Political Moment" . Religion & Ethics Newseekly . PBS. September 7, 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? March 10, 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[15] Hoffman? Claire. "Under God: Spitzer, Niebuhr and the Sin of Pride" . The Washington Post . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-09-21.

[16] Tippett, Krista (?????? 25, 2007). "Reinhold Niebuhr Timeline: Opposes Vietnam War" . On Being . ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 21, 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .

[17] Smith? Jordan Michael (17 ?????? 2011). "The Philosopher of the Post-9/11 Era" . Slate . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[18] Cheever, Susan (6 ???? 2012). "The Secret History of the Serenity Prayer" . The Fix . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-05-16.

[19] "Hall of Famous Missourians" . Missouri House of Representatives. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[20] "About ADA" . Americans for Democratic Action. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[21] "Reinhold Niebuhr by Howard G. Patton" . religion-online.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 2, 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .

[22] Tippett, Krista (?????? 25, 2007). "Reinhold Niebuhr Timeline: Accepts position at Princeton" . On Being . ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 2, 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? ???? 15, 2015 .

[FOOTNOTEFox19855–24-23] Fox 1985 ? ????? 5?24.

[FOOTNOTEMoon1999-24] Moon 1999 .

[FOOTNOTEFox1985-25] Fox 1985 .

[FOOTNOTELemert2011146-26] Lemert 2011 ? ???? 146.

[27] Miles? Rebekah (25 ????? 2012). "Uncredited: Was Ursula Niebuhr Reinhold's Coauthor?". The Christian Century . ?. 129 ??? 2.

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????? ???? ??????