???? ????? ??
??????
????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??
?????
?
???????
?????
???? ????? ??????
[?????????]
????? ??
???????
???? ????? ?????
??????
??
???? ???????
??
???????
(
??????????
:
Kindergarten
) ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1837 ? ?? ≪?????????????≫ ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? (????? ???????) ??? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 3-5 ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????
????
????????
?????? ??????? ??????????
????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? (????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? 1 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????).
???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???
?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ≪?? ??? ??????≫ (??????? ?????) ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????.
?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????).
??????? ?????? 00
????????: ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????.. ????????: ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????.
???????
[
???
]
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????.
??????
[
???
]
?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?? ???????? ??? 1816? ?????
????? ????
? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1819. ??? ???? ??? 1828? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
??? ??? 1839? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? - ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? 1856? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????.
?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ≪??????? ???≫? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????.
??? ??? ???? ????? ????
??????????
?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??
?????
??? 1860 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1873.
?? ??? 1886? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??
???????? ???????
? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????.
????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1856 ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ≪???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????≫.
?? ??? 1860 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1870 ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1873 ?? ??? ????? ???. ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1886.
???? ?????????
? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????.
????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????
[
???
]
???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????:
?. ????? ?????? ?????:
????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.
????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????: ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.
??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????: ??? ≪???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????.. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????≫ ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????.
?. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????:
???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????.
[1]
?. ????? ??????? ????? ?????????:
???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????: ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.
?. ????? ??????? ????? ???????:
????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????
[2]
??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????
[
???
]
???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? " ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????.
[3]
???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???
??????
???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????: ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????.... ???.
??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????.
????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? (??????? ???????) ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
[4]
??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????.
??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
[
???
]
??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????
[5]
?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
[6]
?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? "?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????.
[7]
???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
?? ??????
[
???
]
??????
[
???
]
?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 5 ??? 6 ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (???????? ?????? ????????). ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 5 ?????. ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 6 ?? 7 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ???????? ???????? 43 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
≪????? ??????/ ??????≫ ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? (??????? ???????? ?????????) ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????. ?? ???????? ≪????≫ ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???.
????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ≪???????≫. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ≪???????≫. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ??????? ???????? ≪??????/ ??????≫ ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 5 ?8 ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 5 ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? 5 ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????.
?????
[
???
]
???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (Educacion parvularia) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? (Educacion Preescolar)? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (Educacion Basica) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.
? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (JUNJI ????????) ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????:
? ??????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 85 ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
? ??????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????.
? ??????? ??????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.
? ??????? ??????? ??????: ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 3 ? 4 ?????.
? ??????? ?????????? ??????: ????? ???? "Pre-Kinder"? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.
? ??????? ?????????? ???????: ????? ?? ???? "Kinder"? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? (?? ??? ???????)? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Primero Basico).
????
[
???
]
?? ??????
????????
(Ontario)? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Junior Kindergarten (JK ????????)) ??????? ?????? (Senior Kindergarten (SK ????????)). ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??≪??????? ??????≫ (Early Years)? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.
?? ?????? ????? (Quebec)? ???? ?????? ?????? ??" prematernelle"? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? " maternelle"? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? (?????? ???????) ??" maternelle"? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? " jardin d'enfants" ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? "Kindergarten".
?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? (Newfoundland and Labrador)? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????.
? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (Nova Scotia)? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? (Primary).
???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????: ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????). ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?? ???? 3 ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? (???????? 幼稚園).
???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????.
???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????????? ????? ????????) ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????.
???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????.
????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (????? ????? ??????) ??????? ????? ????? (??????) ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????.
??????? ???????
[
???
]
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? (Kindergartens) ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? (Nursery Schools) ?? ??????? ????? (Playgroups). ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????.
? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????? (Scotland) ???????? (England) ????? (Wales) ???????? ???????? (North Ireland).
???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? 55 ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????.
???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??≪????? ??????? ???????≫ (Early Years Framework) ??? ???? ??≪????? ??????≫ (Curriculum for Excellence). ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ≪???? ???????≫ (Care Commission) ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????.
???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? (Foundation Stage) ???????. ??? ??? 1980 ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? (??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????). ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??≪????? ?????????≫ (Reception) ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ???? ??"Dosbarth Derbyn" ?????? ????????)? ????? ??≪??????? ???????? ??????≫ (Primary One) ?? ???????? ???????? ????????.
?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (Playgroup) ?????? ?????? ?????? (Junior Kindergarten (Jr. KG) ?? Lower Kindergarten (LKG)) ?????? ?????? ?????? (Senior Kindergarten (Sr. KG) ?? Upper Kindergarten (UKG)). ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??:
? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????.
? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????.
? ????? ??????? ???????? (???? ????????? ???????? ??????).
? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??.
???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? (Class 1 ?? Standard 1) ?? ???? ??????? ???????.
?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??≪??????≫ (ovoda) (????? ???? ???????). ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? (??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????)? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????.
??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? (Kindergartens) - ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? - ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ????? (Child Care Centers) - ?? ????? ???? - ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? (Nurseries) ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? (Creches) ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????.
???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.
???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??≪?????? ??????≫ (Performance Indicators) ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????. ???????? ?? ????? ??????? 2010/2013??? ?? ???? ??≪??? ??? ??????≫ (Quality Assurance Inspection) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (Early Childhood Education).
???????
[
???
]
???? ????? ??????? ???????? (Early Childhood Education) ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? (??????? ≪??????≫? 幼稚園??????????)? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? 58% ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? 77% ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? (Kindergartens)? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (Day-care Centers) (???? ?????????? ≪??????≫ (保育園)) ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? (??? ??????? ??? ???????) (Preschools) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? 90% ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? 1990? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???????) ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (????) 2008.
?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??≪???????????≫ (?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???)? ????? ???? ??≪????????≫ (?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????). ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
- ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????
????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (Early Childhood Development (ECD ????????)) ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? (?? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 1980 ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? 270 ??1990? ?? 2,300 ????? ?????? ????? ?? 21,000 ???. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???3 ???? ??? 6 ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1995??? 88 ????? ??? 2110 ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? 2007???? ???? ????? 260 ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 25000???.
? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 2.5 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? 6 ????? . ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.
??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????.
?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? (KG1 and KG2)? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????.
??????
[
???
]
?? ??????? ???? ??????? - ?????? - ???? " obuko " ?? ??????? ??????? ????Ciyawo? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????.
????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?- ??????/???? - ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????.
?? ??????? ??????? (Kinders) ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? (Rosaura Zapata) (1876?1963)? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????.
?? ??? 2002? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????/?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????.
???????
[
???
]
???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ≪Kindergarten - ??????????? ????? Kindergarten≫? ??? ???? ????? ?? ≪Kita - ????≫ ??? ?????? ????? Kindertagesstatte? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 8 ?????? ??? 3 ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ≪??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 6 ??? 10 ????≫ ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ≪Tagesmutter?????????? ????? Tagesmutter≫ ??? ???? ???? (???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????) ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? 3 ??? 5 ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??. ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
??????? Vorschule? ???? ???? ≪????? ?? ??? ???????≫ ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? (???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????). ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????.
???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? 3-5 ????? ??? ??? 80%. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????.
?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????:
1- ???????/ ?????? ????? 2-3 ?????
2- ???? ??????? ?????? 3-4 ?????
3- ???? ??????? ?????? 4-5 ?????
???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.
?? ?????? ?????? ?????kleuterschool ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? Frobelschool ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? Frobelen ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? 1985? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? (??????? ??? 4-6 ?????) ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? (??? 6-12 ???) ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? 1985? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? basisonderwijs ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 1902 ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 2 ??? 8 ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????.
???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???:
? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????.
? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????: ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? 8980 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2000.
?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ≪??????? ???????≫ ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (??? ?? 6 ????? ?? 7 ?????), ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????: ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? 3 ?4 ?????? ? (???????? ??????) ??? 5 ????? ? (???????? ???????) ??? 6 ?? 7 ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 3 ??? 7 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.
???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 3-6 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.
????????
[
???
]
?? ??? 2010 ????? ?????? ? 56% ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1-6 ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 2010. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????.
???????? ??????????
[
???
]
????? ????? ???? ≪????≫ (Kindergarten) ??? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???????? (Tasmania) ???? ???? ???? (New South Wales) ???????? (Canberra) ???? ???? ?????? (Kindergarten) ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? (Victoria) ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (Preschool) ??? ?????? ????????? (Kindergarten ? Preschool) ??????? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ≪???? ????????≫ (Prep (???????? ??Preparatory))? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? (Queensland) ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? (Primary School) ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (Preschool). ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? (South Australia) ???? ???????? (West Australia) ???????? ??????? (North Territory) ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? (Pre-primary) ?? ??? ????????? (Reception) ?? ????? ?????????? (Transition).
? ?? ????????? (New Zealand) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????.
?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? (Kindergarten) ?? ????? ?????? (KG School) ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
?? ???????? ???? ????? ≪?????? ???????≫ (??????????:деτска градина) ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? (Preschool)? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.
??????
[
???
]
???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ≪????? ?? ??? ???????≫ ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????.
???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????:
??????? (3-4) (????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????)? ??????? (4-5) (????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????)? ??????? (5-6) (????? ???? ??????? ?????????).
? ?? ???? ??? (????? ???? ??????? ?????????) (5-6) ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.
??????? ≪?? ??? ???????≫ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????:
1- ??? ???????: ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????.
2- ????? ???????: ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1971 (????? 1044 / 1971)? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????.
? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? (??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???????)? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????.
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1968 ??? 444? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.
?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? 幼?? (?? ?? ????) ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????.
???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????:
1- ????? ??????? ???????? ????? (小班) ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
2- ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (中班) ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
3- ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (大班) ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
4- ????? ???????? (?前班) ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????
??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????
??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? (???) ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ??? ????????) ????? (??????? ?? ??????) ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????.
???
[
???
]
?????: ????? ???????
???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????.
?????: ??? ?????? ???????
???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????:
???? ??????? ???? ???????: ???? ????? ???? ?????KG1? ????? ?????? ???? ????? KG2.
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????.
*??? ???????: ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 12 ???? 1996 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 126 ????? 2008 ? ?????? ??? 31 ?? ????? ??? ???????.??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 56 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????.
?????: ???? ??????:
<????? ??????? ???????? ???????="">
http://portal.moe.gov.eg/AboutMinistry/Departments/cabe/services/requirements/Pages/requirementsi.aspx
</ref>
? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????* ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 4 ?????.
? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.
? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.
?????
[
???
]
- ???? ????:
???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? (ecole maternelle) (????? ????????) ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? (??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????) ?????? ???? ??????? ???:
- Grande section ????????? (GS) ??????? ?? ?? ???????
- Moyenne section ????????? (MS) ??????? ?? ?? ???????
- Petite section ????????? (PS) ??????? ?? ?? ???????
- Toute petite section ????????? (TPS) ??????? ?? ?? ???????
???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 3/5 ?????
?????
[
???
]
- ^
?????, ?? ????? (1428? ) ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ??????, ????? ????? .
- ^
???? ? ??? ?????? ??????? (1993?) ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? .
- ^
???? ??????? ( 2001? ) ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??1? ???? ? ???? ? ? 220.
- ^
???? ???? ???? ( 1997? ) ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? .
- ^
???? ???? (1990?) ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ? 85.
- ^
???? ????? (1980? ) ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ? ????? ? ?1 ? ?182 .
- ^
???? ????? ( 1999?) ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????1?? 289.
????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
???? ?????
[
???
]