????? ?????

????? ?????
( ??????????? : Robert Mundell )?
	; ????? ??? 1998
??????? ?????
???????	24 ?????? 1932 ; ????????
??????	4 ????? 2021 (88 ???) ; ???????????
??? ??????	?????? ??????? ?????????
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??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
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??????? ????	????? ???????? ?????????? ; ???? ???? ???????? ; ???? ?????????? ??????????? ; ????? ??????
???? ?????????	?????? ??? ?????????? ‏
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???? ??	????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????????
???????
	????? ???????? ??????? ‏ (2005) ; ???? ???? ???? (2002) ; ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (2000) ; ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ‏ (2000) ; ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? (1999) ; ????? ???????? (1971) ; ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ‏ ; ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ‏
	????? ????? - ?????

????? ????? ( ??????????? : Robert A. Mundell )?? ?????? 24 ????? ????? 1932 ) ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1974. ??? ??????? ?? M.I.T. ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? M.I.T. ?? ??? 1956? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1956-57. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1961.

?? 1966 ??? 1971 ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?? 1965 ??? 1975 ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. 1997-1998 ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????.

?? ??? 1970? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?1972-73 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? - ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1964 ??? 1978 ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? 1971 ?1987. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????: ?????? ???????? (1965). ???? ????????? ????????? (1968). ??????? ???????: ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? 1971. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (1983)? ?????? ??????? ??????? (1990)? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? (1991)? ???? ?????? ??????? (1992). ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (1996).

??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?1964-65 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 1965-66 ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? 1980 ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? 1989-90 ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ? 1990-91 ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 1997-98. ???? ????? ???????? ??? 1971? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1983 ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1992? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1995 ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? 1997 ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? 1998.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Encyclopædia Britannica | Robert A. Mundell (???????????), QID : Q5375741
^ Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Robert Alexander Mundell (??????????), QID : Q237227
^ ^? ^? https://www.ilgiorno.it/economia/robert-mundell-morto-premio-nobel-euro-1.6211241 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.ifw-kiel.de/konfer/wwp . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.ifw-kiel.de/de/institut/veranstaltungen/preisverleihungen/weltwirtschaftlicher-preis/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://commencement.miami.edu/about-us/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/index.html . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ . ????? ??????? (?????) http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A22/xwb_left/moe_829/tnull_44386.html . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1999 (???????????), Nobel Foundation , QID : Q23684016

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?????

????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

????? ????? ??? ??? ???? .

????? ????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
????? ????? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)
????? ????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

[wikidata-0e9615e57c7ff1e1537a76575ace4e6f13132466-1] Encyclopædia Britannica | Robert A. Mundell (???????????), QID : Q5375741

[wikidata-c2689ef80efed3ceebcb2cb4204cd03d95aeb298-2] Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | Robert Alexander Mundell (??????????), QID : Q237227

[wikidata-48c8170228f0dcfc110fa37c903bd55a5bf83496-3] ? ^? https://www.ilgiorno.it/economia/robert-mundell-morto-premio-nobel-euro-1.6211241 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-7e85943f1525da9667fb32ff83278054143b22d9-4] ttps://www.ifw-kiel.de/konfer/wwp . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-c2be4fe8d50ea6a0bc563b321d8605d0a90ccbaf-5] ttps://www.ifw-kiel.de/de/institut/veranstaltungen/preisverleihungen/weltwirtschaftlicher-preis/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-2f46f20604a3190e2eb1d9ed8cb3c04b01bfc636-6] ttps://commencement.miami.edu/about-us/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/index.html . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-6dffd0a34075913789aef368d388a89d9c4f7bef-7] . ????? ??????? (?????) http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A22/xwb_left/moe_829/tnull_44386.html . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-1283077c19544977f6621f22f559d13895080bf5-8] The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1999 (???????????), Nobel Foundation , QID : Q23684016

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? ? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? 1999
????????	???? ???? (???)
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??????	????? ??? ???? (??????)
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??? ????? ??????? ?? ????	????? ????? (??????? / ???????? ???????)
?????? ??????????	????? ????? (????)
???????? ?????? ???? 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

? ? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????
1969?1975	???? ??? / ??? ??????? (1969) ??? ????????? (1970) ????? ?????? (1971) ??? ???? / ????? ??? (1972) ?????? ???????? (1973) ????? ????? / ??????? ??? ???? (1974) ?????? ?????????? / ??????? ??????? (1975)
1976?2000	?????? ??????? (1976) ????? ????? / ???? ??? (1977) ?????? ????? (1978) ????? ????? / ???? ???? (1979) ????? ???? (1980) ???? ???? (1981) ???? ?????? (1982) ?????? ????? (1983) ??????? ???? (1984) ?????? ????????? (1985) ???? ?????? ?????? (1986) ????? ???? (1987) ????? ????? (1988) ????? ??????? (1989) ???? ???????? / ?????? ???? / ?????? ???? (1990) ?????? ??? (1991) ???? ???? (1992) ????? ???? / ?????? ???? (1993) ??? ??????? / ??? ????? ??? / ??????? ????? (1994) ????? ????? ????? (1995) ???? ?????? / ?????? ????? (1996) ????? ?????? / ?????? ????? (1997) ??????? ?? (1998) ????? ????? (1999) ???? ?????? / ?????? ??????? (2000)
2001???? ????	???? ?????? / ????? ???? / ????? ?????? (2001) ?????? ?????? / ?????? ???? (2002) ????? ???? / ???? ?????? (2003) ??? ??????? / ?????? ??????? (2004) ????? ????? / ????? ?????? (2005) ?????? ????? (2006) ?????? ??????? / ????? ?????? / ???? ?????? (2007) ??? ??????? (2008) ?????? ??????? / ?????? ???????? (2009) ???? ??????? / ??? ??????? / ???????? ???????? (2010) ????? ? ?????? / ???????? ? ???? (2011) ????? ??? / ???? ????? (2012) ????? ???? / ???? ???? ????? / ????? ???? (2013) ??? ????? (2014) ????? ????? (2015) ?????? ???? / ????? ????????? (2016) ???? (2017) ????? ???????? / ??? ???? (2018) ??????? ??????? / ????? ????? / ????? ????? (2019) ??? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2020) ????? ???? / ????? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2021) ?? ??????? / ?????? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2022) ?????? ????? (2023)