??? ????

???????
	??????? ... ??? ???? ???????? 19 ?????? 1965 ? 8 ???? 1982 ? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? 25 ????? 1965 ? 29 ????? 1965 ? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? 16 ?????? 1964 ? 27 ????? 1965 ; → ?????? ?????? ???? ? Reginald Maudling (en) ← ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 15 ?????? 1964 ? 31 ????? 1965 ( ??????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? 20 ?????? 1963 ? 16 ?????? 1964 ; → ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ← ? ?????? ?????? ????? 13 ????? 1962 ? 18 ?????? 1963 ? ???? ????? (??????? ???? ?????) ← ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? 13 ????? 1962 ? 18 ?????? 1963 ; → ?????? ???? ? Willie Whitelaw (en) ← ? Chancellor of the University of Essex (en) 1962 ? 8 ???? 1982 ( ?????? ) ? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? 14 ?????? 1959 ? 9 ?????? 1961 ; → Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone (en) ? ???? ?????? ← ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 8 ?????? 1959 ? 25 ?????? 1964 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??42 ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? 14 ????? 1957 ? 13 ????? 1962 ; → ?????? ???? ???? ? Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor (en) ← ? ???? ???? ?????? 20 ?????? 1955 ? 9 ?????? 1961 ; → Harry Crookshank, 1st Viscount Crookshank (en) ? ???? ?????? ← ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 20 ?????? 1955 ? 14 ?????? 1959 ; → Harry Crookshank, 1st Viscount Crookshank (en) ? Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone (en) ← ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 26 ???? 1955 ? 18 ?????? 1959 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? 28 ?????? 1951 ? 20 ?????? 1955 ; → ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ← ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???40 25 ?????? 1951 ? 6 ???? 1955 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??40 ? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? 10 ?????? 1950 ? 28 ?????? 1951 ; → ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ← ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???39 23 ?????? 1950 ? 5 ?????? 1951 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??39 ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???38 5 ????? 1945 ? 3 ?????? 1950 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??38 ? Secretary of State for Employment (en) 25 ???? 1945 ? 26 ????? 1945 ; → ????? ???? ? George Isaacs (en) ← ? ???? ??????? 20 ????? 1941 ? 25 ???? 1945 ; → Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury (en) ? Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine (en) ← ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 25 ?????? 1938 ? 20 ????? 1941 ; → Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury (en) ? Richard Law, 1st Baron Coleraine (en) ← ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???37 14 ?????? 1935 ? 15 ????? 1945 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??37 ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???36 27 ?????? 1931 ? 25 ?????? 1935 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??36 ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???35 30 ???? 1929 ? 7 ?????? 1931 ( ?? ???????? ) ; ?????? ??????????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ??35 ? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????
???????	9 ?????? 1902 ; Attock Khurd ( en )
??????	8 ???? 1982 (79 ???) Great Yeldham (en)
??? ??????	????? ???????
??? ????	????? ??????
??? ????????	??????? ???????
??????? ????	???? ?????? ; ???? ???????? ;
????? ?????????	??????????
???????	????? ???????
???????	Mollie Montgomerie (en) (1959 ? ) ? Sydney Elizabeth Courtauld (en) (1926 ? )
???????	Richard Clive Butler (en) ; ??? ????? ; Samuel James Butler (en) ; Sarah Teresa Butler (en)
??????	?????
??? ???	????? ????????
????? ???????	??? ?????????
???? ??? ???????	????? ???? ??????? ;
???????	????? ?????? ;

??????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????? (9 ?????? 1902?8 ???? 1982)? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???. ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ≪????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????≫. ^[12] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ≪???????????≫ ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ^[13]

??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 1929. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? 1935. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1938-1939. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1941? ???? ???? ???? ??????? (1941-1945? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 1944). ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1951? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? (1951-1955)? ????? ???????? (1957-1962)? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (1962-1963)? ????? ???????? (1963-1964).

??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? (????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? 1957 ?1963. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1965? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????.

????? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? 1927? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 26 ?????? 1927. ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? 1929? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 1965. ^[14]

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 1931? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????. ?? ????? 1932 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????. ^[15]

?? 29 ?????? 1932 ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? 1935 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (1935-1937) ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 1937? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ^[16]

????? ????????? ??? ??? 1938 ???? ??? 1941 [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1938? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????.

?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 12 ???? 1938? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 22 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? 16 ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 5 ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ≪????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????≫. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????. ^[17]

???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1939? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1907.

??? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? 15 ???? 1939? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ^[18]

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????-?????? ?? ???? 1939? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? 1939? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????-??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ^[19]

??? ????? ????? ???????-???????? ?? 23 ????? 1939? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????-????????. ??? ?????? ????? (27 ?????) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪?????? ??? ???????≫ ?? ??? ≪?????? ????≫? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[20]

?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? 1939? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????.

???? ????????: ???? ????? ??????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1956? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? (1971)? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ^[21]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????: http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/AssemblyList/MP-Details-EN.asp?MemberID=1097 .
^ " Essex university | British History Online ," . 1994. ?. 336 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-02-09 . In 1962 R. A. Butler (later Lord Butler of Saffron Walden) was appointed chancellor
^ " University Chancellor | University of Essex " ( ??????????? ) . Retrieved 2024-02-09 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ?????? 1803?2005 . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.
^ ??????? ??????? ????????. " ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? " (?????????) . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
^ ????? ??: ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? . ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? (SNAC Ark): w6pv8fkp . ????: Rab Butler. ??????: 9 ?????? 2017. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.
^ ????? ??: ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): biography/R-A-Butler-Baron-Butler-of-Saffron-Walden . ????: R A Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden. ??????: 9 ?????? 2017. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: Kindred Britain .
^ ^? ^? ??????? ??? ?? ???? "????????" (thepeerage.com): p14575.htm#i145746 . ??????: 7 ????? 2020.
^ ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ??????????: ????? ???? ?????.
^ ???? ????: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/A13530954 .
^ Stafford 1985 ? ???? 901.
^ Rollings 1994 ? ????? 183?205.
^ Jago 2015 ? ???? 53.
^ Howard 1987 ? ????? 52?53.
^ Jago 2015 ? ???? 79.
^ Howard 1987 ? ???? 74.
^ Stafford 1985 ? ????? 912?913.
^ Stafford 1985 ? ????? 916?917.
^ Jago 2015 ? ???? 75.
^ Gilmour 2004 ? ???? 200.

??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[73357f406b641cf18d607fef483b80a5f0c4ab61-1] ???? ????: http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/AssemblyList/MP-Details-EN.asp?MemberID=1097 .

[36099005c6422d89f3d4fa844809c1dbf309989a-2] " Essex university | British History Online ," . 1994. ?. 336 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-02-09 . In 1962 R. A. Butler (later Lord Butler of Saffron Walden) was appointed chancellor

[60631d0e24868945e8d0a60dbe00726dc7275163-3] " University Chancellor | University of Essex " ( ??????????? ) . Retrieved 2024-02-09 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[5210246a01dc7755e7cd4dac27160862d55b7ae9-4] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ?????? 1803?2005 . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.

[693aa2ed7028a60daa65297c6cc5a232c26a3817-5] ??????? ??????? ????????. " ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? " (?????????) . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .

[114719870f03ba0833ebf97633893131fb49af50-6] ????? ??: ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? . ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? (SNAC Ark): w6pv8fkp . ????: Rab Butler. ??????: 9 ?????? 2017. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.

[40157fc6613f3d5191be902c4bd6a98f76e4f2e1-7] ????? ??: ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): biography/R-A-Butler-Baron-Butler-of-Saffron-Walden . ????: R A Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden. ??????: 9 ?????? 2017. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.

[e6596ed0d2b81634d4a2b94f1bd23a5d26a198cf-8] ? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: Kindred Britain .

[76ba54d0877a694adb62e88a34d7ef4f0dcfcf1d-9] ? ^? ??????? ??? ?? ???? "????????" (thepeerage.com): p14575.htm#i145746 . ??????: 7 ????? 2020.

[3913844e06e055e8cd81608f22bad0e604d89d2d-10] ? ^? ^? ????? ??: ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ??????????: ????? ???? ?????.

[cadef8235b1953a2926e0187578d447197a8b551-11] ???? ????: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/A13530954 .

[FOOTNOTEStafford1985901-12] Stafford 1985 ? ???? 901.

[FOOTNOTERollings1994183–205-13] Rollings 1994 ? ????? 183?205.

[FOOTNOTEJago201553-14] Jago 2015 ? ???? 53.

[FOOTNOTEHoward198752–53-15] Howard 1987 ? ????? 52?53.

[FOOTNOTEJago201579-16] Jago 2015 ? ???? 79.

[FOOTNOTEHoward198774-17] Howard 1987 ? ???? 74.

[FOOTNOTEStafford1985912–913-18] Stafford 1985 ? ????? 912?913.

[FOOTNOTEStafford1985916–917-19] Stafford 1985 ? ????? 916?917.

[FOOTNOTEJago201575-20] Jago 2015 ? ???? 75.

[FOOTNOTEGilmour2004200-21] Gilmour 2004 ? ???? 200.

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