????? ??????

??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ^[1] ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

4K + O _{2 → 2 K
₂O}

????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? (??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????) ?????????? (??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????).

????:- ????? ???? ???????? + Na ????? ?????? - Cl ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

Na + Cl → Na ⁺ + Cl ^? → NaCl

????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.

Na / 1S _² 2S _² 2P ₆ 3S _¹ ? Na ⁺ / 1S _² 2S _² 2P ₆

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????.

Cl / 1S _² 2S _² 2P ₆ 3S _² 3P ₅ ? Cl ^- / 1S _² 2S _² 2P ₆ 3S _² 3P ₆

???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.

???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? (???? ??????? ????????) ??? ???? ??? ????? (?????) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? (????? ?????) ??? ?????.

???? ??????? ???????? = - ?² / ?

??? ?: ???? ??????. ? : ????? ???? ??? ????????

????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???) ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????.

??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????) ????? ?????? ??? ?????????.

??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? (??? ???????? ???????? ???????) ????? ????? ??? ???? (?????) ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? (???????) ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? (??? ????) ?? ?????? ???????.

???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? (???? ???????? ?? ??????) ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? (??????? ????????) ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????.

??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? (???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????).

? ?? ??? ??????? :

1- ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ( ????? )??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????.2- ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????.3- ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????.4- ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Al-Qamoos ??????? | English Arabic dictionary / ????? ??????? ????" . web.archive.org . 26 ???? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-26 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] "Al-Qamoos ??????? | English Arabic dictionary / ????? ??????? ????" . web.archive.org . 26 ???? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-03-26 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[1]