??? ???????

??? ???????
??????? ?????
??? ???????	( ??????????? : Dean Gooderham Acheson )?
???????	11 ????? 1893 ; ????????
??????	12 ?????? 1971 (78 ???)
??? ??????	???? ??????
???? ?????	????? ??? ??? ‏
??????	???????? ???????
???????	??????? ???????? ?????????
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?????
???? ???????? ???????? (51 )
	?? ?????? ; 21 ????? 1949 ? 20 ????? 1953
	???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ‏
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ??????
??????	????? ? ????????? ? ??????
?????	????? ?????????? ????????
??????	??????????
???????
	????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? (1970) ; ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ; ???? ?????? ???????
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ??????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Dean (Geoderham) Acheson) (??? 1893 - ???? 1971 ) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1949 - 1953 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? . ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? . ??? ??? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? .

????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (WTO). ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 1950 ???? ??? ????? .

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 1968 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????.

?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? 11 ????? 1893. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1881)? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????-???? ?? ??? 1885? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???????)? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? (1790-1881)? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? (1912-1915)? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ^[2] ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (??? ???). ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? - ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? - ?????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1915 ??? ??? 1918? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ^[3]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? 15 ???? 1917? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (12 ????? 1895 - 20 ????? 1996). ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????: ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? 25 ????? 1918? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? 31 ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[4]

?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 1919 ??? 1921. ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ^[5]

??????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 1933. ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (???????? ??? ??????)? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? 1933 ??????? ??????? ?????????. ^[6] ?? 1939-1940 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????.

????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? 1 ?????? 1941? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ^[7] ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? / ????????? / ???????? ???? ??? 95 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1941. ^[8] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[9]

?? ??? 1944? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

????????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1945? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?. ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? 1945 ?? 1946 ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? 1946? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? - ????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? .

??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ≪??? ?????? ???? ?? ‘???? ?? ?????’ ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????.≫ ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 1947 ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ^[10]^[11] ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????.

?? 30 ????? ?? ??? 1947? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[12]

?? ??? 1949? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ≪??????? ???????≫.

???? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??? 1949? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 1948 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ≪?? ??? ??????≫? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? 1944-1949? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????. ^[13] ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????[18] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[14]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 12 ????? ?? ??? 1950? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ^[15]? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? (??????) ???? ?? ≪???? ??????≫ ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ≪???? ????≫ ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ^[16]^[17] ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????????.

????? ≪????? ?????≫ [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1949? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? - ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1950. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ≪????? ?????≫ ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ≪???? ?????????≫. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ≪???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????≫. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ≪??? ???? ??? ???? ???≫ ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[18]

?????? ???? ??????-??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ^[19]

????? ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? 20 ????? 1953? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1955. ^[20]

??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????.

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ^[21]

?? ?????? 6:00 ????? ?? 12 ?????? 1971? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? 78 ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? .

??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (???? ??????? ?? ???????)? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ^[22]^[23]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
??? ??????? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)
??? ??????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/220 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Brennan, Elizabeth A., Clarage, Elizabeth C. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners , Greenwood, 1999, p. 290 ???? ?????? 25 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ David S. McClellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (1976) pp 8?12
^ Mead? Frederick S.? ?????? (1921). Harvard's Military Record in the World War . Boston, Massachusetts: The Harvard Alumni Association. ?. 21. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07.
^ Beisner (2006)
^ Acheson explained his opposition to this plan, and described his experience as Treasury Undersecretary in the chapter "Brief Encounter ? With FDR" in his 1965 memoir Morning and Noon (pp. 161?194).
^ Perlmutter? Oscar William (1961). "Acheson and the Diplomacy of World War II". The Western Political Quarterly . ?. 14 ?. 4: 896?911. DOI : 10.2307/445090 . JSTOR : 445090 .
^ Irvine H. Anderson, Jr., "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex," The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 44, No. 2. (May, 1975), pp. 201?231. in JSTOR ???? ?????? 19 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Jean Edward Smith, FDR (Random House, 2007), Kindle edition, 517.
^ Randall Bennett Woods, "The Good Shepherd," Reviews in American History , Volume 35, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 284?288
^ Beisner (1996)
^ "Citation Accompanying Medal for Merit Awarded to Dean Acheson" . The American Presidency Project . 30 ????? 1947. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-06 .
^ Robert Garson, "The United States and China since 1949," (1994) pp. 27?33
^ Neil L. O'Brien, "An American Editor in Early Revolutionary China," (2003) pp. 169?170
^ "Excerpts" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-30 .
^ "Eric Edelman on the Rise of Authoritarianism around the World" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-28.
^ "Eric Edelman Transcript ? Conversations with Bill Kristol" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-31.
^ Robert Beisner (2009). Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War . Oxford UP. ?. 334, 349. ISBN : 9780195382488 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07.
^ "I've heard him make remarks about people of Southeast Asia that I wouldn't want to repeat.", Oral History Interview with Edwin W. Martin, Washington, DC, June 3, 1975, Richard D. McKinzie, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/martinew.htm ???? ?????? 2020-05-28 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Book of Members, 1780?2010: Chapter A" (PDF) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-01 .
^ Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-71 (1992).
^ Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: a life in the Cold war (2009) pp 620-41.
^ Gregory T. D'Auria, "Present at the rejuvenation: the association of Dean Acheson and Richard Nixon." Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (1989): 393-412.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

???? ???? ??????	???? ?????? ???????? ??????? 1949-1953	???? ??? ????? ?????

[wikidata-4cdd261f4e23247bdbf3dca115152532b482e1ee-1] ttps://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/220 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[2] Brennan, Elizabeth A., Clarage, Elizabeth C. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners , Greenwood, 1999, p. 290 ???? ?????? 25 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] David S. McClellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (1976) pp 8?12

[harvard1921-4] Mead? Frederick S.? ?????? (1921). Harvard's Military Record in the World War . Boston, Massachusetts: The Harvard Alumni Association. ?. 21. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07.

[5] Beisner (2006)

[6] Acheson explained his opposition to this plan, and described his experience as Treasury Undersecretary in the chapter "Brief Encounter ? With FDR" in his 1965 memoir Morning and Noon (pp. 161?194).

[7] Perlmutter? Oscar William (1961). "Acheson and the Diplomacy of World War II". The Western Political Quarterly . ?. 14 ?. 4: 896?911. DOI : 10.2307/445090 . JSTOR : 445090 .

[8] Irvine H. Anderson, Jr., "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex," The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 44, No. 2. (May, 1975), pp. 201?231. in JSTOR ???? ?????? 19 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] Jean Edward Smith, FDR (Random House, 2007), Kindle edition, 517.

[10] Randall Bennett Woods, "The Good Shepherd," Reviews in American History , Volume 35, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 284?288

[11] Beisner (1996)

[12] "Citation Accompanying Medal for Merit Awarded to Dean Acheson" . The American Presidency Project . 30 ????? 1947. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-06 .

[13] Robert Garson, "The United States and China since 1949," (1994) pp. 27?33

[14] Neil L. O'Brien, "An American Editor in Early Revolutionary China," (2003) pp. 169?170

[15] "Excerpts" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-30 .

[16] "Eric Edelman on the Rise of Authoritarianism around the World" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-28.

[17] "Eric Edelman Transcript ? Conversations with Bill Kristol" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-31.

[18] Robert Beisner (2009). Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War . Oxford UP. ?. 334, 349. ISBN : 9780195382488 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07.

[19] "I've heard him make remarks about people of Southeast Asia that I wouldn't want to repeat.", Oral History Interview with Edwin W. Martin, Washington, DC, June 3, 1975, Richard D. McKinzie, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/martinew.htm ???? ?????? 2020-05-28 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[AAAS-20] "Book of Members, 1780?2010: Chapter A" (PDF) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-04-01 .

[21] Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-71 (1992).

[22] Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: a life in the Cold war (2009) pp 620-41.

[23] Gregory T. D'Auria, "Present at the rejuvenation: the association of Dean Acheson and Richard Nixon." Presidential Studies Quarterly 18 (1989): 393-412.

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[23]

? ? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (1945?1953)
???? ??????	None (1945?1949) ????? ?????? (1949?1953)
???? ????????	?????? ???????? (1945) ???? ????? (1945?1947) ???? ?????? (1947?1949) ??? ??????? (1949?1953)
???? ???????	???? ???????? (1945) ??????? ??? ?????? (1945?1946) ??? ????? ?????? (1946?1953)
???? ?????	???? ??????? (1945) ????? ??????? ?. (1945?1947) ????? ??????? ????? (1947)
???? ?????? ????????	???? ??????? (1947?1949) ???? ??? ?????? (1949?1950) ???? ?????? (1950?1951) ????? ?. ????? (1951?1953)
?????? ?????	??????? ???? (1945) ??? ?? ????? (1945?1949) J. Howard McGrath (1949?1952) James P. McGranery (1952?1953)
???? ???? ?????? ????? ^[??????????]	????? ???????? ???? (1945) Robert E. Hannegan (1945?1947) ???? ? ????????? (1947?1953)
?????? ????? ???????	???? ??????? (1945?1947)
???? ????????	Harold L. Ickes (1945?1946) ?????? ????? ???? (1946?1949) ?????? ?? ??????? (1949?1953)
???? ???????	Claude R. Wickard (1945) ??????? ??????? (1945?1948) ?????? ???????? ?????? (1948?1953)
???? ???????	???? ????? ???? (1945?1946) ?????? ??????? (1946?1948) ?????? ???? (1948?1953)
???? ?????	??????? ?????? (1945) Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945?1948) ????? ??. ????? (1948?1953)