????? ?????? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????
??? ????
????? 南北國時代
????? 南北國時代
????????? ????? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 698 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 926 ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [1] [2]

????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? 671.

??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? 674 ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 676 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? [3] [4] [5] [6] ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? .

???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? [7] ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????. [8] [9] [10] [11] ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? [12] ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? [13] ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. [14] [15] [16] [17]

?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? [18] [19] ?? ?????: ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? [20] [21] [22] [23] ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? . [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? 267 ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 935.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? [29] [30] ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? [31] [32] [33] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? (????: 737 ? 793) ?????? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ≪??? ????? ???????≫. [34] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 926.

???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ≪???? ????? ?????? ???????≫ ??????? ??? ??? ?????.  

???????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Korean Britannica Encyclopedia ? Daum? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-05-14 .
  2. ^ Jacques L. Fuqua. Page 18.
  3. ^ DuBois, Jill (2005). Korea (???????????). Marshall Cavendish. p.  22 . ISBN : 9780761417866 . Archived from the original on 2020-09-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 . golden age of art and culture.
  4. ^ Randel, Don Michael. The Harvard Dictionary of Music (???????????). Harvard University Press. p. 273. ISBN : 9780674011632 . Archived from the original on 2020-09-17 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  5. ^ Hopfner, Jonathan. Moon Living Abroad in South Korea (???????????). Avalon Travel. p. 21. ISBN : 9781612386324 . Archived from the original on 2020-09-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  6. ^ Kim, Djun Kil. The History of Korea (???????????). ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN : 9780313038532 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  7. ^ Kitagawa, Joseph. The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture (???????????). Routledge. p. 348. ISBN : 9781136875908 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2016-07-21 .
  8. ^ Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (???????????). Cambridge University Press. p.  291 . ISBN : 9780521497817 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2016-07-21 . Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.
  9. ^ Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather. Ennins Travels in Tang China (???????????). John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276?283. ISBN : 9780471070535 . Retrieved 2016-07-21 . "From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world."
  10. ^ Kim, Djun Kil. The History of Korea, 2nd Edition (???????????). ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN : 9781610695824 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-21 .
  11. ^ Seth, Michael J. A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century (???????????). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 65. ISBN : 9780742540057 . Archived from the original on 2012-11-12 . Retrieved 2016-07-21 .
  12. ^ MacGregor, Neil. A History of the World in 100 Objects (???????????). Penguin UK. ISBN : 9780141966830 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  13. ^ Ch?ng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G.; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). Arts of Korea (???????????). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 230. ISBN : 9780870998508 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  14. ^ International, Rotary (Feb 1996). The Rotarian (???????????). Rotary International. p.  28 . Archived from the original on 2020-09-19 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  15. ^ Ross, Alan. After Pusan (???????????). Faber & Faber. ISBN : 9780571299355 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  16. ^ Mason? David A. "Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house" . Korea.net . Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-09-30 .
  17. ^ Adams, Edward Ben. Korea?s pottery heritage (???????????). Seoul International Pub. House. p. 53. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19 . Retrieved 2016-09-30 .
  18. ^ Mun, Chanju; Green, Ronald S. Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice (???????????). Blue Pine Books. p. 147. ISBN : 9780977755301 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-01 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  19. ^ McIntire, Suzanne; Burns, William E. Speeches in World History (???????????). Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN : 9781438126807 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  20. ^ Jr, Robert E. Buswell; Jr, Donald S. Lopez. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism (???????????). Princeton University Press. p. 187. ISBN : 9781400848058 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-03 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  21. ^ Poceski, Mario. Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism (???????????). Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN : 9780198043201 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  22. ^ Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille. Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon (???????????). Columbia University Press. p. 155. ISBN : 9780231540193 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  23. ^ Wright, Dale S. The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts (???????????). Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199882182 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  24. ^ Su-il, Jeong (18 Jul 2016). The Silk Road Encyclopedia (???????????). Seoul Selection. ISBN : 9781624120763 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  25. ^ Nikaido, Yoshihiro (28 Oct 2015). Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction (???????????). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. ISBN : 9783847004851 . Archived from the original on 2020-07-29 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  26. ^ Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003). China (???????????). Rough Guides. p. 519. ISBN : 9781843530190 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  27. ^ Leffman, David (2 Jun 2014). The Rough Guide to China (???????????). Penguin. ISBN : 9780241010372 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  28. ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China (???????????). Penguin. 21 Jun 2016. p. 240. ISBN : 9781465455673 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 .
  29. ^ Old records of Silla 新羅古記( Silla gogi ): ... 高麗舊將祚榮
  30. ^ Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀( Jewang ungi ): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
  31. ^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲?贅部落靺?之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃?逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山?義則喧張黑?與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里?苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食??陳降漢之旗.
  32. ^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩
  33. ^ Comprehensive Institutions 通典( Tongdian ): ... 渤海?栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中 玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海
  34. ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 Dec 2014). Korean History in Maps (???????????). Cambridge University Press. pp. 64?65. ISBN : 9781107098466 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-01 . Retrieved 2017-02-24 .

??????? [ ??? ]

  • Korean Unification: Inevitable Challenges. Jacques L. Fuqua. Potomac Books, Inc. (2011) ISBN 1597972797 .
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