한국   대만   중국   일본 
????? ?? ???? ?????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

????? ?? ???? ??????

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( ??????????? : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman )? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1476) في ويكي بيانات
 
?????? ???? ????????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P50) في ويكي بيانات
????? ??????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P407) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? 1792  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P577) في ويكي بيانات
????? ?????? ?????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P136) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ????? ????? [1] ?   ????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P921) في ويكي بيانات
???????
OCLC 671362316   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P243) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

???? ?? ???? ??????: ?????? ???????? ?????????? 1792 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? . ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????.

??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫ ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? " Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord's " ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1791 ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????????? ≪???? ??????≫ ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???.

?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? " ???? ??????" ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? " William Godwin" ?????? ?? ????? " ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 1798. ??? ??? " ???? ?????? " ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 1792 . ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? "???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ". [2]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ≪?????? ?? ???? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? . ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 1790? ????? ≪?????? ?? ???? ?????≫? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? (Edmund Burke) ≪???????? ??? ?????? ????????≫ (1790). [3] ?? ??? ≪??????????≫ ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1688? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? (1651-1642) ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (Charles I) ?? ??? 1649?.

???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ≪???? ??????≫? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????. [4]

????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ≪????? ??? ??????? ?????≫ sur l'instruction publiqueRapport ?????? ?????? National Assembly ?? ????? ??? 1791, ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? [5] ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????: (????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? (??????) ???? ??????? ???????: ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? [6] ) ???? ??????????? ?????? (???? ??????) ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????: "??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.". [7] ??? ????? ??? 1791? ? ???? ??????? ??????? (??????? ????? ??????) ?????? ?? ??? Olympe de Gouges ?????? "????? ????

?????? ?????????" Declaration of the Rights of Woman and itizenthe Female C , ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? . [3]

≪???? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫. ?? ≪???? ?????≫ ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????) ????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ≪??????≫? ???? ?????.

?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫ ????? ?????? ???????? (natural rights) ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? [8] ??????? ??? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? (John Locke) ???? ??? ???? (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). [9]

???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???. ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????. [10] ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? . [11] ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? G. J. Barker-Benfield ? ≪????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????≫. [12] ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ≪???? ??????≫? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? [11] ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?≪???????? ????≫? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????. [13] ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? Janet Todd - ????? ?? ???????? - ? ????? ≪??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????≫. [14]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ????????????? (Wollstonecraf) ?? ???? ?????? ??? "??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? [15] ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????????? (Wollstonecraf) ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (Catharine Macaulay) ?????? ????? (Hester Chapone) ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ( 1787? ) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ( 1788? ) ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. [16] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? " ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????". ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. [17] ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?"????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????". [18] ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ≪???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????≫ [19] [20] ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. [21] ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? (James Fordyce) ???? ??????? (John Gregory) ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? (Rousseau) ?? ????? ( ???? ) ???? ???? ??? 1762? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????: "??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? [22] ) ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????". [23] ??????? ??? ???????????? ??? ≪???? ??????? ??????≫ ??: ≪?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????≫. [24] ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? (Talleyrand) ≪??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????≫. ??? ????? 12 ≪?? ??????? ??????≫? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. [25] ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ≪???? ???????≫? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????. [26]

????? ???????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????; ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????. ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? . [27] ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft). ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft)? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (Barbara Taylor) ?? ???: ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????.

??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. [28]

?? ?????? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????: ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????. [29] ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? . ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???- ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. [30] ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. [31] ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????: ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??. [32] ?????? ??? ???? ≪???????????≫ ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. [33] ????? ≪???????????≫ ?? ????? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ≫: ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? -????? ???- ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????. [34] ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ≪?????: ?? ????? ?????? ≫ (1798): ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. [35]

???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. [36] ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (David Hume). [37] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? (Mary) ????? ?????? ?? ??? (1788?)? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. [38] ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? (Cora Kaplan) ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. [39] ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. [40] ???? ???? ≪????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????≫? ????? ????????????: ≪?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????≫? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ≪???? ?? ???? ???? ?????≫ ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (???? ????? ?????? ???) ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????.

?????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? " ???? ?????? " ????? "???? ??? ??????". [41] ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? . ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. [41] ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ". [42] ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? . [43] ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. [44] ????? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ≪?????????? ????????≫? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ≪???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????≫. [45] ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. [45] ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???. ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????. [46]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? (???? ??????) [47] ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ≪??????≫ ? ≪???≫ ? ≪?????≫. [47] ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? (?????) ? (???)? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. [10] ??? (???? ??????) ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? -?????? ?????? ????????-? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? [48] ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? (???? ??????) ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? .

?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (1762)? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????" ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????"." [49] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? (Rousseau) ?????? ?????? ? ???? :≪??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????≫ [50] ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? (?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????)? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? [51] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? [52] ? ?????? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [53] ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? [54] ? ?????? ????? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ???? ?????≫ [55]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? (????????????) ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? (????????) Talleyrand ???????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? (????????????) ??????? (?????? ?????): "??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? -??? ??? ??????? - ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????... ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. [56] ????? ????? (????????????) ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. [57] ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. [58] ?? ??? (????????????) ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? (?????? ??????) ??? ≪?????????≫? ????? ≪???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????≫? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. [59] ??? ?? ???? ???? (????????????) ????? ??????? ≪?????≫: ??? ????? ?????? " Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman "? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (??????). [60]

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1792? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? (Analytical Review), ??????? ?????? (General Magazine), ??????? ??????? (Literary Magazine)? ????? ??????? (New York Magazine)? ??????? ??????? (Monthly Review). ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. [61] ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ??????≪??? ??? ?????? ??????≫. [62] ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???: ???? ??? (Mary Hays), ????? ??????? (Mary Robinson) ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ≪?????? ???? ??????≫ (1796) "Memoirs of Emma Courtney ". ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [63] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? (Hannah More) ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? (Anne Mellor)? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ≪??????? ???????? ????????? ???: ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????≫. [64] ??? ????? ????? 1790, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????: ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? (Anna Laetitia Barbauld) ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. [65] ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? [66] ??????? (?? ????? ??????????? ???????) ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 1770? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? “?????? ?? ???? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? [66] ??? ???? ??????????? ??? 1797 ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? “?????? ?? ???? ??????” ???? ?? ??? 1798? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????” sThe Unsex'd Female“ ?? ??? 1798? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? “??????” [67] ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? “ ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????” [68] ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????????? (Wollstonecraft) ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ???? (Hays)? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? [69] ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ≪???? ?????? ????????≫(Illustrious and Celebrated Women)???? ?????? ?? ??? 1803. [70] ????? ??????? (Maria Edgeworth) ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Belinda) (1802) ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? (Harriet Freke) [71] ?????? ??? ??? ????? (Jane Austen)? ?? ???? ????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [72] ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ????? ????? ????≪???? ??????≫ ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? (George Eliot) ≪?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??≫ ???? ??????≪?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????≫. [73] ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (The suffragist) ??????? ????? ????? (Millicent Garrett Fawcett)??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? . [74] ?? ??? ?? ???? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????.; [75] ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ≪????? ????? ?????≫ ??? ????? ??????? ???? (Virginia Woolf) ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????. [76] ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??? (Ayaan Hirsi Alia)? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ≪???? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ≪??????≫ ≪(Infidel) ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????≫. [77]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? http://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/diaphonia/article/viewFile/18645/12268 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  2. ^ Sunstein, 3.
  3. ^ ? ? Macdonald and Scherf, "Introduction", 11?12.
  4. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 43?44.
  5. ^ Kelly, 107; Sapiro, 26?27.
  6. ^ Talleyrand, "Rapport sur l'instruction publique", reprinted in Vindications , 394?95.
  7. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 101.
  8. ^ Taylor, 105?6; Kelly, 107.
  9. ^ Sapiro, 182?84.
  10. ^ ? ? Kelly, 110.
  11. ^ ? ? Barker-Benfield, 9.
  12. ^ Barker-Benfield, 224.
  13. ^ Todd, Sensibility , 136.
  14. ^ Todd, Sensibility , 133.
  15. ^ Batchelor, Jennie. " Conduct Book ." The Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved on 14 May 2007. ???? ?????? 04 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  16. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 169ff; Kelly, 123; Taylor, 14?15; Sapiro, 27?28; 243?44.
  17. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 102; Sapiro, 154?55.
  18. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 109.
  19. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 144.
  20. ^ Kelly, 124?26; Taylor, 234?37; Sapiro, 129?30.
  21. ^ Tong, Rosemarie (2009). Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction (?. 3). Westview Press (Perseus Books). ?.  20 . ISBN : 978-0-8133-4375-4 .
  22. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 157.
  23. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 286; see also Kelly, 125?24; Taylor, 14?15.
  24. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 129.
  25. ^ Mary Wollstonecraft - on national education ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  26. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , Chapter 12; see also, Kelly, 124?25; 133?34; Sapiro, 237ff.
  27. ^ Feminist and feminism . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  28. ^ Taylor, 12; see also, 55?57; see also Sapiro, 257?59.
  29. ^ See, for example, Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 126, 146; Taylor, 105?106; 118?20.
  30. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 274.
  31. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 110; Sapiro, 120?21.
  32. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 135.
  33. ^ Poovey, 79; Kelly, 135.
  34. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 288.
  35. ^ Taylor, Chapter 9; Sapiro, 37; 149; 266.
  36. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 177.
  37. ^ Jones, 46.
  38. ^ See, for example, Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 259?60; Taylor, 116?17.
  39. ^ Kaplan, "Wild Nights", 35.
  40. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 249.
  41. ^ ? ? Johnson, 24.
  42. ^ Johnson, 23.
  43. ^ Johnson, 45.
  44. ^ Johnson, 30.
  45. ^ ? ? Jones, 43.
  46. ^ Jones, 46; Taylor, 211?22; Vindications , 101?102, for example.
  47. ^ ? ? Kelly, 109.
  48. ^ Kelly, 113?14; Taylor, 51?53.
  49. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 162.
  50. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 163.
  51. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 111?12.
  52. ^ Kelly, 109ff; Sapiro, 207?208.
  53. ^ Kelly, 118ff; Sapiro, 222.
  54. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 158; Sapiro, 126.
  55. ^ Wollstonecraft, Vindications , 165; Taylor, 159?61; Sapiro, 124?26.
  56. ^ Wollstonecraft, Mary. The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed. Janet Todd. New York: Penguin Books (2003), 193?94.
  57. ^ Macdonald and Scherf, "Introduction", 23 and Mellor, 141?42.
  58. ^ Mellor, 141?42.
  59. ^ Macdonald and Scherf, Appendix C.
  60. ^ Sapiro, 30?31.
  61. ^ Janes, 293; Sapiro, 28?29.
  62. ^ Taylor, 25; see also, Janes, 293?302; Wardle, 157?58; Kelly, 135?36; Sapiro 28?29.
  63. ^ Mellor, 143?44 and 146.
  64. ^ Mellor, 147.
  65. ^ Mellor, 153.
  66. ^ ? ? Gordon, 154
  67. ^ Adriana Craciun, Mary Wollstonecraft's a Vindication of the Rights of Woman : A Sourcebook (Routledge, 2002, 2).
  68. ^ Introduction , The Unsex'd Females , Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. ???? ?????? 9 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  69. ^ Pennell, Elizabeth Robins     [???? ????] ‏ p351, Life of Mary Wollstonecraft . (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884).
  70. ^ Mellor, 145; Taylor, 27?28.
  71. ^ Mellor, 155; Taylor, 30?31.
  72. ^ Mellor, 156.
  73. ^ Quoted in Sapiro, 30.
  74. ^ Gordon, 521
  75. ^ Kaplan,"Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies".
  76. ^ Woolf, Virginia. " The Four Figures ". Retrieved on 17 February 2007. ???? ?????? 8 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  77. ^ ???? ???? ??? . Infidel . New York: Free Press (2007), 295.
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