한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ??????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

?????? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
?????? ???????
??? ???? ??
??????
???????

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? (1906) ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1929 ? [1] ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (PIMS) ???? ?? ????? ?????? . ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? 1946 ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1933. [2] ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????.

???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ??? 1927 ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ???????? . ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ( ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ) ???????? ?????? (?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ) ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. [3]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1818 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1853 ??? ??????? ????????? . [4] [5] ?? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. [6]

????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. [7] ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? . [8] [9] [10] ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? . [11] [12]

??? ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? .

?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? - ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. [13] ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? [14] ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? The Transformation of the Roman World ???? ????? ?? 1993 ??? 1998. [15] [16]

??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? . [17] [18]

?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? [19] ?? ??????? ??????? [20] [21] ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? [22] ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? - ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????. [23] [24] [25] [26]

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? / ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ??????:

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ H. Damico, J. B. Zavadil, D. Fennema, and K. Lenz, Medieval Scholarship: Philosophy and the arts: biographical studies on the formation of a discipline (Taylor & Francis, 1995), p. 80.
  2. ^ MI History , University of Notre Dame ???? ?????? 2015-09-30 ?? Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Michael Lapidge, 'Introduction: The Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge, 1878-1999', in H. M. Chadwick and the Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge , ed. by Michael Lapidge (Aberystwyth: Department of Welsh, Aberystwyth University, 2015), ( ???? 9780955718298 ), pp. 1-58 [= Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies , 69/70 (2015)].
  4. ^ Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in The Prospect of Global History , ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: ??? ??? ????? ??????? , 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 82-83).
  5. ^ "medieval, adj. and n.", "middle age, n. and adj." Accessed 5 August 2018. OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115638; www.oed.com/view/Entry/118142. Accessed 5 August 2018.
  6. ^ "medievalist, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115640. Accessed 5 August 2018.
  7. ^ Ian Wood, 'Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 37-53.
  8. ^ Bastian Schluter, 'Barbarossa's Heirs: nation and Medieval History in Nineteenth-cand Twentieth-Century Germany', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 87-100.
  9. ^ Bernhard Jussen, 'Between Ideology and Technology: Depicting Charlemagne in Modern Times', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 127-52.
  10. ^ Christian Lubke, 'Germany's Growth to the East: From the Polabian Marches to Germania Slavica', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 167-83.
  11. ^ Allen J. Frantzen, Desire for Origins: New Language, Old English, and Teaching the Tradition (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
  12. ^ John M. Ganim, Medievalism and Orientalism: Three Essays on Literature, Architecture and Cultural Identity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
  13. ^ Patrick Geary, 'European Ethnicities and European as an Ethnicity: Does Europe Have too Much History?', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 57-69.
  14. ^ Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in The Prospect of Global History , ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 83-84).
  15. ^ Ian Wood, 'Report: The European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and the Emergence of Early Medieval Europe', Early Medieval Europe , 6 (1997), 217-28.
  16. ^ Jinty Nelson, 'Why Reinventing Medieval History is a Good Idea', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 17-36.
  17. ^ Caroline Bynum, “Why All the Fuss about the Body? A Medievalist's Perspective”, Critical Inquiry 22/1, 1995, pp. 1-33.
  18. ^ Graham A. Loud and Martial Staub, 'Some Thoughts on the Making of the Middle Ages', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 1-13.
  19. ^ Little, Lester K., 'Cypress Beams, Kufic Script, and Cut Stone: Rebuilding the Master Narrative of European History', Speculum , 79 (2004), 909-28.
  20. ^ Richard Hitchcock, 'Reflections on the Frontier in Early Medieval Iberia', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 155-66
  21. ^ Hisham Aidi, ' The Interference of al-Andalus: Spain, Islam, and the West ', Social Text , 24 (2006), 67-88; ????? : 10.1215/01642472-24-2_87-67 . ???? ?????? 2021-01-22 ?? Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Michael Borgolte, 'A Crisis of the Middle Ages? Deconstructing and Constructing European Identities in a Globalized World', in The Making of Medieval History , ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017), ( ???? 9781903153703 ), pp. 70-84.
  23. ^ James Belich, John Darwin, and Chris Wickham, 'Introduction: The Prospect of Global History', in The Prospect of Global History , ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), ????? : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732259.001.0001 , pp. 3--22.
  24. ^ Moore, Robert I., 'A Global Middle Ages?', in The Prospect of Global History , ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92.
  25. ^ Robinson, Francis, 'Global History from an Islamic Angle', in The Prospect of Global History , ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 127--45.
  26. ^ ''The Global Middle Ages'', ed. by Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, Past & Present Supplement, 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) (=''Past & Present'', 238 (November 2018)), https://academic.oup.com/past/issue/238/suppl_13. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-01-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_???????&oldid=62945608 ≫