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??? ???? ??	??? ????? ???????? ? area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies (en) ? ?????? ??????
??????	???? ????? ??????

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??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? .

??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ^[1]

??? ??? 1950? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? (FAFP) ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? 1953 ???? ??? 1966? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? 270 ????? ????? ?????? ?? 34 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ^[2] ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????.

??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1957? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1965? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? 125 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ^[3] ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[4] ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ^[5]

????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ^[6] ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????: ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[7]

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ≪??????? ????????????.≫ ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ^[8]

?????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???:

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??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????) ????????? ??????? (??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????) ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????.

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??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (??????? ??????) ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (GIGA) (?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????) ?? ???????.

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???????

^ Ellen Condliffe Lagemann, The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 178.
^ David L. Szanton, "The Origin, Nature and Challenges of Area Studies in the United States," in The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines , ed. David L. Szanton (University of California Press, 2004), pp. 10-11.
^ See Bruce Cumings, "Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International Studies during and after the Cold War," in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29 (1997). http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cumings2.htm ???? ?????? 2021-12-21 ?? Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2009-04-23.
^ See Patrick O'Meara, "Changing perspectives on international education", (Indiana University Press 2010), pp. 81.
^ Moseley, W.G. 2009. “Area Studies in a Global Context.” Chronicle of Higher Education. Nov 29. http://chronicle.com/article/Area-Studies-in-a-Global-Co/49284/ ???? ?????? 2020-09-18 ?? Wayback Machine
^ See "Rational Choice Theory," by John Scott, in Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present , edited by G. Browning, A. Halcli, and F. Webster (Sage Publications, 2000). http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot7.htm . Retrieved 2009-04-23. ???? ?????? 2011-09-27 ?? Wayback Machine
^ See Chalmers Johnson and E. B. Keehn, "A Disaster in the Making: Rational Choice and Asian Studies," The National Interest 36 (summer 1994), pp. 14-22.
^ See Cumings article, cited above.

? ?????? ????

Schafer, Wolf (2010). "Reconfiguring Area Studies for the Global Age." Globality Studies Journal, no. 22 . 31 December 2010.
Kuijper, Hans (2008)." Area Studies versus Disciplines: Towards an Interdisciplinary, Systemic Country Approach ". The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences , Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 205?216.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ???????

[1] Ellen Condliffe Lagemann, The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 178.

[2] David L. Szanton, "The Origin, Nature and Challenges of Area Studies in the United States," in The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines , ed. David L. Szanton (University of California Press, 2004), pp. 10-11.

[3] See Bruce Cumings, "Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International Studies during and after the Cold War," in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29 (1997). http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/cumings2.htm ???? ?????? 2021-12-21 ?? Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2009-04-23.

[4] See Patrick O'Meara, "Changing perspectives on international education", (Indiana University Press 2010), pp. 81.

[5] Moseley, W.G. 2009. “Area Studies in a Global Context.” Chronicle of Higher Education. Nov 29. http://chronicle.com/article/Area-Studies-in-a-Global-Co/49284/ ???? ?????? 2020-09-18 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] See "Rational Choice Theory," by John Scott, in Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present , edited by G. Browning, A. Halcli, and F. Webster (Sage Publications, 2000). http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~scottj/socscot7.htm . Retrieved 2009-04-23. ???? ?????? 2011-09-27 ?? Wayback Machine

[7] See Chalmers Johnson and E. B. Keehn, "A Disaster in the Making: Rational Choice and Asian Studies," The National Interest 36 (summer 1994), pp. 14-22.

[8] See Cumings article, cited above.

[1]

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