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????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.

???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (?? ???? ?? ??? ???????) ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? .

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?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? .

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????: ^[2]

???? ???????: ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? .
??????: ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? (??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????) ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????: ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????.
?????? ????? : ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? (??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????).
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?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???:

???????? ???????? ?? ?????? (?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????)In-Situ concrete.
???????? ????? ????? (??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????) Pre-Cast concrete products.
???????? ????? ??????? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? - ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????.

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????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????.

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 2 ????? ??? Batch box ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.

??????: ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ≪?????≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ?≪???????≫ ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ≪?????≫? ??? ?????? ??????? ≪???????≫ ??????? ≪??? ???????≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ≪???????≫ ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???.

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????.

??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? Ready Mix ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? Concrete mix trucks ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????:

????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????: ^[6]

???? ????? (????) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (????? ?? ????) ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? / ??????? Water / Cement ratio ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? 0.7 (???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????) ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? 0.5 (?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????).

???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? 45 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????.??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? 45 ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????.

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???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? 3/4 ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 2 - 6 ???? / ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.

???????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????

???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? aci committee 212 . ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????.?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????

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????? ???? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ???? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????.

????? ???? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

?? ????? ????????

1- Styrene Butadiene Rubber copolymer ??????? SBR

?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????.????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????:

????? 50 ??
??? ??? 125 ??
SBR 5-8 ???
??? 11-14 ???

???? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? 250-350 ???/??² ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? 500 ???/??² ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 400 ???/??² ??? ??? ??? 600 ???/??². ^[7]

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? (???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????) ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 7 % ??? 14 % ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 10 % ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 800 ???/??² ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 60 ??? 70 ???/??². ^[8]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? (???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????) ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 12 % - 20 % ?? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? 60 ??? 100 %. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? 60 % ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? 40 %. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[9]^[10]

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? 20 ??? 30 % ?? ???? ????? 10 ??? 12 % ?? ?????? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? 3 ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 90 ? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? (???? ???? ??????). ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????). ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Zongjin Li; Advanced concrete technology ; 2011
^ The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete . Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-19. ???? ?????? 05 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Evelien Cochez? Wouter Nijs? Giorgio Simbolotti? Giancarlo Tosato. 2010_GS-gct.pdf "Cement Production" (PDF) . IEA ETSAP ? Technology Brief I03 ? June 2010: IEA ETSAP- Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-09 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |last-author-amp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? ) ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )
^ U.S. Federal Highway Administration (14 ????? 1999). "Admixtures" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-01-25 .
^ Cement Admixture Association. "Admixture Types" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-12-25 .
^ "Home" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-13 .
^ Lightweight Concrete_tcm45-345994.pdf "Structural lightweight concrete" (PDF) . Concrete Construction . The Aberdeen Group. ???? 1981. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2015-09-23. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ "Ordering Concrete by PSI" . American Concrete. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-10 .
^ Henry G. Russel, PE. "Why Use High Performance Concrete?" (PDF) . Technical Talk . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 15 ???? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2013 .
^ "Concrete in Practice: What, Why, and How?" (PDF) . NRMCA-National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-10 .

[ReferenceA-1] ? ^? Zongjin Li; Advanced concrete technology ; 2011

[2] The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete . Romanconcrete.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-19. ???? ?????? 05 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] Evelien Cochez? Wouter Nijs? Giorgio Simbolotti? Giancarlo Tosato. 2010_GS-gct.pdf "Cement Production" (PDF) . IEA ETSAP ? Technology Brief I03 ? June 2010: IEA ETSAP- Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-09 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |last-author-amp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? ) ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )

[FHWA_Admixtures-4] U.S. Federal Highway Administration (14 ????? 1999). "Admixtures" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-01-25 .

[5] Cement Admixture Association. "Admixture Types" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-12-25 .

[6] "Home" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-13 .

[lightweight-7] Lightweight Concrete_tcm45-345994.pdf "Structural lightweight concrete" (PDF) . Concrete Construction . The Aberdeen Group. ???? 1981. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2015-09-23. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )

[American-8] "Ordering Concrete by PSI" . American Concrete. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-10 .

[Russel-9] Henry G. Russel, PE. "Why Use High Performance Concrete?" (PDF) . Technical Talk . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 15 ???? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2013 .

[NRMCA-10] "Concrete in Practice: What, Why, and How?" (PDF) . NRMCA-National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-10 .

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