?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??? ?????????
??
?????
???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???
????? ????? ???????
??
?????
? ??? ?????? ?????????? H
2
CO
3
.
[4]
[5]
[6]
?????
??? ????????? ??
???????????
-
HCO
3
??????????
CO
3
2?
? ??? ??
??????? ???????
. ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???
pH
????? ??????? ?????
?????
?? ?????.
???????
[
???
]
??
????????
???
????? ????? ???????
?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???
????????
??
??????????
. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (??? ????? 0.2% ???? ??? ???? ???????) ????? ?? ????
????? ???????
??? ??? ????????:
????
???? ?????
?????
???????
??? ?????? 25°? K
h
= 1.70×10
?3
? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
??????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????:
- CO
2
+ H
2
O
?
H
2
CO
3
(1)
??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (???? ????????) ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ????) ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????:
H
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O ? HCO
3
-
+ H
3
O
+
(2)
???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? pK
a
?? ??????? ????? 3.88? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
???? ??????
? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? (1)? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? (1) ?(2) ????? ???????? ???????:
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O ? H
3
O + + HCO
3
-
(3)
????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 6.55? ??? ?????? ???????.
?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????:
HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O ? CO
3
2-
+ H
3
O
+
(4)
???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? 10.5.
????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????
[
???
]
??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ??????
???? ????? ????? ???????
??? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? (H
2
CO
3
? HCO
3
?
? CO
3
2?
)? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? CO
2
?????? ?H
2
CO
3
?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle K_{h}={\frac {[H_{2}CO_{3}]}{[CO_{2}]}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fd1ebcbb1dd4d194c4af4d1ac098f972c60f903)
? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? CO
2
?????? ? CO
2
?????? ??????? ??? ???????:
- CO
2
(???) ↔ CO
2
(?????) ???
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {[CO_{2}]}{p_{CO_{2}}}}={\frac {1}{k_{\mathrm {H} }}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2402e8c7ad30ab4d0d91c48f5f4c5b4ceb2570db)
??? k
H
=29.76 atm/(mol/L) ??? 25 °C (
???? ????????
)
?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle [H^{+}][OH^{-}]=10^{-14}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/825549f914af9988f2472e6fc0b353731714d0aa)
?????? ???????? ???? ?????????
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle [H^{+}]=[OH^{-}]+[HCO_{3}^{-}]+2[CO_{3}^{2-}]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/91f1b50cf263b23a951f581feadd1ee09a91c6eb)
???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??
?????
[CO
2
] ? [H
2
CO
3
] ? [
+
H] ? [
?
OH] ? [HCO
3
?
] ? [CO
3
2?
]? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???
.
???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? [
+
H] ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (?????)? ????? ???? ????
???? ???????????
?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????:
 (atm)
|
pH
|
[CO
2
] (mol/L)
|
[H
2
CO
3
] (mol/L)
|
[HCO
3
?
] (mol/L)
|
[CO
3
2?
] (mol/L)
|
| 10
?8
|
7.00
|
3.36 × 10
?10
|
5.71 × 10
?13
|
1.42 × 10
?9
|
7.90 × 10
?13
|
| 10
?6
|
6.81
|
3.36 × 10
?8
|
5.71 × 10
?11
|
9.16 × 10
?8
|
3.30 × 10
?11
|
| 10
?4
|
5.92
|
3.36 × 10
?6
|
5.71 × 10
?9
|
1.19 × 10
?6
|
5.57 × 10
?11
|
| 3.5 × 10
?4
|
5.65
|
1.18 × 10
?5
|
2.00 × 10
?8
|
2.23 × 10
?6
|
5.60 × 10
?11
|
| 10
?3
|
5.42
|
3.36 × 10
?5
|
5.71 × 10
?8
|
3.78 × 10
?6
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
| 10
?2
|
4.92
|
3.36 × 10
?4
|
5.71 × 10
?7
|
1.19 × 10
?5
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
| 10
?1
|
4.42
|
3.36 × 10
?3
|
5.71 × 10
?6
|
3.78 × 10
?5
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
| 1
|
3.92
|
3.36 × 10
?2
|
5.71 × 10
?5
|
1.20 × 10
?4
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
| 2.5
|
3.72
|
8.40 × 10
?2
|
1.43 × 10
?4
|
1.89 × 10
?4
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
| 10
|
3.42
|
0.336
|
5.71 × 10
?4
|
3.78 × 10
?4
|
5.61 × 10
?11
|
- ?????
- ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? pH ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? pK
a2
? ?? ?? ????? CO
3
2?
???? ??? ?? ?????
-
HCO
3
.
- ??? ????? ????
(???? ??????) ??? pH ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? (pH = 7)? ????? ????? ?????? ??
-
HCO
3
.
- ??? ????? ????? ??????? (
atm)? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? (p
H
= 5.7)? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? CO
2
. ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? [
?
OH] ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? H
+
? HCO
3
?
.
- ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (
~ 2.5 atm)? ???? ???? ??????????? pH ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ????) ?????? ????? ??? ?? CO
2
. ???? ???
????????? ???????
??? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
- ??? ???? ?????? ??? 2.5 ? 10 atm ??? ???? ?? pH ?????? ???? pKa
1
????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? H
2
CO
3
.
- ?????? ???? [CO
3
2?
] (??? ?? ??? ?????) ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? [
+
H] ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? pH ?????
![{\displaystyle \scriptstyle [H^{+}]\simeq \left(10^{-14}+{\frac {K_{h}K_{a1}}{k_{\mathrm {H} }}}p_{CO_{2}}\right)^{1/2}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7623d41372c18e5305b32ab80a8ea22c6ed2ecb)
???? ????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
|
|---|
| Common oxides
| |
|---|
| Exotic oxides
| |
|---|
| Polymers
| |
|---|
| Compounds derived from oxides
| |
|---|
| ????????? ??????
| |
|---|
| ???????? ????????
| |
|---|
